Abstract
The functioning of a solar hybrid power system is investigated in this research using a unique fuzzy control method. Turbines, solar photovoltaics, diesel engines, fuel cells, aqua-electrolyzes, and other autonomous generation products are used in the hybrid renewable energy system. Further energy storage components of the system include the batteries, turbine, and ultracapacitor. This research incorporates a supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system (HESS) into a solar hybrid power generating system, allowing the consumption and energy storage space and power output to be significantly increased. This study’s approach incorporates a decentralized power generation system with a HESS while increasing electrical output in phases utilizing a dynamic reactive power compensation scheme and a conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control strategy. Due to a nonlinear behavior of photovoltaic (PV) devices’ power output, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods must be used to create the greatest power. Infrequently developing atmospheric circumstances, traditional MPPT algorithms do not work adequately. Modeling is used to determine the microgrid’s power output to the photovoltaic hybrid power generating organization, as well as the optimization method for each device in the network. The dynamic power factor correction scheme and also the conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control approach are primarily used in this study to optimize the solar hybrid renewable energy system.
1. Introduction
Energy plays a significant role in everyday life, but as the world’s population and economic growth grow, so does the demand for it. As the cost of electricity use rises and supply drops, fossil fuel-based energy sources deplete, leading to energy loss [1]. The depletion of oil supplies connected to coal or natural gas-fired power plants is motivating professionals to look for alternate and ecological sources of energy. However, because the energy industry produces the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, there seems to be a significant link between energy strategy and environmental policy. The usage of sustainable power, often known as the common squares, is a crucial approach for reducing carbon emissions [2]. Synergy around them is a critical element in building energy industry emission reduction paths. Because they are well, it could solve greenhouse gas emission decreases and grid adaptability at the same time. To preserve system reliability, renewable energy can improve power generation including such extra capacity or physical and rotating energies. However, because the grid is the source of electricity for nuclear plants’ offsite power systems, international norms emphasizing the need for nuclear plants have yet to be merged. The capability to provide a dependable supply having adequate resources and voltage quality is the fundamental goal of such a connection. This is a result of a variety of factors. With the widespread and widespread use of solar HESS, the influence on the network by these systems cannot be overlooked [3]. The maximum power of solar combined energy storage devices may change arbitrarily and sporadically due to inapplicability and uncertainty. As a result, as compared to traditional power generators like nuclear and coal-fired power plants, renewables can be difficult to distribute on the network [4]. Dispatchable energy storage is used because the power production of a solar ESS has to be as constant as possible. This uses a supercapacitor and battery to create storage of battery in this research. To enhance energy conversion efficiency, an MPPT employs fuzzy set theory. To operate the step-up conversion for MPPT, a fuzzy procedure depends on 25 linguistic variables characterizing the operator’s control approach which was used. FLC with coarse and fine modes is used to decrease not just the time it takes to track the MPP, as well as the energy fluctuations. The proposed algorithm requires more memory and does not have the capacity to self-tune. To get the most power out of a solar array, an appropriate MPPT control system with fuzzy control is designed. A modest number of rules are used in the fuzzy system [5]. As a result, this control mechanism is simple to apply to a real-world system. For its effortlessness and ease of application, the perturbation and observation (P&O) approach is a popular MPPT methodology. Unfortunately, this technique produces a lot of variations around the maximum power point (MPP), which leads to a lot of energy loss, particularly in big PV systems. To solve these issues, incremental conductance (INC) approach was devised [6]. This approach employs constant data steps, allowing the MPP to be tracked by comparing the ratio of measured voltage to INC levels of photovoltaic systems power. The development of an appropriate regulator for MPPT has subsequently gotten a lot of attention. For the functioning of the PV-based hybrid energy system, the P&O approach was presented, and theoretically calculated results have been compared [7]. The proposed fuzzy method was utilized to compare several MPPT approaches of frequently used systems such as P&O and INC. Two MPPT approaches, namely, application of fuzzy and neural control systems were described, with the effectiveness of the suggested techniques evaluated. In PV arrays, an INC approach was utilized for MPPT [8]. It was proposed to employ the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technology in a novel MPPT strategy. These technologies control PV arrays with only one pair of sensors, resulting in lower costs, improved overall performance, and ease of deployment. These approaches, on the other hand, do not work well in quickly changing environmental circumstances. To allow the operating point to be nearer to the MPP and minimize oscillations at the maximum power output, the fuzzy control scheme with conductance progressive algorithm is coupled. Furthermore, the maximum power monitoring of a photovoltaic solar device is achieved by combining the conductance increment approach and an enhanced fuzzy control strategy [9]. A thorough design of solar combination energy storage devices comprising a supercapacitor and a battery-integrated energy storage device is proposed in this work. To begin, the battery energy storage program’s output power was optimized using a hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) fuzzy-based method [10]. Then, to evaluate the effective accuracy of the solar power source, a simulation result framework has been developed. In terms of energy forecasting, the optimized system is adaptable. The grid-connected solar HESS can be fully utilized solar energies’ natural redundancy [11]. The conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control technique also improves productivity of power curve monitoring and dispatched grid curves. Energy saving unit prices have dropped significantly. In addition, it has improved financially and environmentally.
2. Related Works
The investigation of efficiency in partial shade conditions is a vital aspect of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. A resilient intelligence algorithm (RIA) is being developed in cooperation with the internet of things (IoT) to provide real-time management of solar panels, providing worldwide maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The RIA is made up of a radial basis function (RBF) multilayer perceptron with limited-time terminal sliding-mode control (LTTSMC) and quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) neural network. The LTTSMC provides for the avoiding of singularities by allowing for a rapid constrained convergence time. The trembling phenomena or fairly constant error, on the other hand, happens around the LTTSMC if system ambiguity is exaggerated or undervalued. To address plant component fluctuations and external load disturbances, the QPSO-RBF communication system is implemented into LTTSMC, decreasing trembling and steady-state faults. Monitoring equipment in the solar panel system delivers convergence speed to fractional integral points thanks to the combination of the RIA as well as the IoT, but it also provides a neural network approach for even more precise ambiguity estimate. Below passing and steady-state dynamic load, experimental results demonstrated the arithmetical performance evaluation improvement of a sample encryption method solar PV system that depends on digital signal processing. Because the suggested solar power system has significant tracking performance and robust adaption benefits over traditional terminal-sliding photovoltaic panels, this research should be read by developers of comparative controller design and neural network optimization models [12]. This work presents a novel fuzzy adaptive proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control approach for MPPT in a solar photovoltaic system with continuous set-point monitoring. The relay feedback tuning approach was used to optimize the scope of the attribute values of the fuzzy systems for a continuous PID parameter tuner. Utilizing power, light, and temperature monitoring, the suggested MPPT controller has indeed been constructed which included an online set-point modification technique. For a solar power system including buck-boost converter and load resistance, real-time computations were done on the ds1104 Research and Innovation central control architecture. The suggested methods’ performance is in comparison to that of the most widely used MPPT techniques. MPPT approaches are based on perturbing and observation, constant voltage, fuzzy control, Bayesian network, and adaptable neuro-fuzzy inference engine. The tracking effectiveness, time constant, and dynamic characteristics of several approaches have been examined. The proposed method outperformed others in terms of usability maximum power point with rapidly shifting sun radiation, according to the results obtained [13]. This work proposes a novel PV module modeling technique in Simulink using a fuzzy logic-based MPPT algorithm and a power convertor. The work’s major components are the reduction of PV modeling techniques and the construction of a fuzzy-based MPPT system to accurately way maximum output. The key highlights of this work are the demonstration of exact duty cycle regulation under varied climatic circumstances, depiction of PV characteristic curves, and conversion methodology uses. Three distinct PV modules have been tested with the proposed system: SOLKAR 36 W, BP MSX 60 W, and KC85T 87 W. Finally, the obtained data was estimated by the following forecast and the number provided by the employer to verify the system’s accuracy [14]. A wind-hybrid power system with storage of battery and a dump load is modeled and controlled in this study. The Takagi– Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model, as well as the linear controller, is used in the suggested control method. The local behaviors of a nonlinear function separated into sectors by grammatical rules are expressed by the TS fuzzy model. Based on the given time-series data, a potential autoregression model is proposed that offers ideally divided subsystems. The linear quadratic regulation creates the regulators for each component. The suggested controller is evaluated to a traditional proportional-integral controller in such an experiment and demonstrated to be more successful over disruptions induced by weather conditions and strain fluctuations [15]. The modeling of an interconnected hybrid renewable energy system is described in this paper. Creative product for such hybrid power system includes solar and wind. Photovoltaic (PV) and hybrid renewable energy systems are designed as part of the proposed network. The system is built to withstand continuous wind speeds as well as changes in solar irradiance and solar output. To obtain the most power from such a PV array, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is utilized. An intermediate outcome (MI) conversion is used to combine two input sources. To obtain the maximum power output array, a fuzzy logic controller is employed to adjust the switching frequency of the bidirectional converters [16].
3. Materials and Methods
The system construction of a solar HESS is introduced in this section. In addition, numerical simulations for solar cells, solar farms, supercapacitors, transformer power density, and conversion are provided.
3.1. Structure of System
The design of the solar hybrid renewable energy method is illustrated in Figure 1, as well as converters, DC and AC buses, a PV array, and a combined power system buildup the network. The decentralized power generating system provides electrical energy, which travels along the DC bus to a converter, where it is transformed into an electrical current [17]. Hybrid energy storage systems control objective is to guarantee that demand and network receive extremely steady electricity generation from the power-producing systems.
3.2. A Mathematical Model for Photovoltaic System
In a solar power system, the Photovoltaic system has been the most basic component. Its process is equivalent to that of a P–N junction. The photovoltaic cell production power dynamic is as follows:
where is the discharge current in this calculation. In this similar circuit, Id is the current of the diodes. The current twisted by the PV panel is referred to as the . The current flow remains represented by by the parallel connection. The optimal parameter for the P–N connection is [18]. The load’s reference voltage is denoted by the letter . The load impedance is . Because is infinite large and is incredibly tiny, this expression can be reduced as follows:
A single maximum output power point will arise under the influence of various factors.
3.3. Supercapacitors Mathematical Model
In this study, capacitive constants and voltage relate to both edges of the capacitors, and in the equivalent circuit reflects the supercapacitor energy transfer ( is the integration of with inside the interval The capacitor’s interaction energy is as follows:
The capacitor voltage is The capacitor’s resistance is . The capacitor’s determined function is calculated as The resistance voltage in the series is [19]. The total simultaneous power and the simultaneous energy of the resistor, as shown in Figure 2, are used to represent the capacitor’s maximum voltage:
The series resistance is , the current flow through capacitance is and the load demand is Simpson’s Formula is used to determine the integrating.
3.4. Inverter Mathematical Model
The energy on the demand is mostly inverted energy from the battery [20]. The inverter’s maximum output is , and also the input power is . Thus, the performance which was determined is given as
The power input is equal to the power output then the power gets lost as
Thus, obtain
The expression formula for with is ( is inverters and is the total energy of inverters); in the earlier calculation for with as
At voltage, the inverter’s effectiveness is , and at voltage, the inverter’s effectiveness is . The continuity formula gives these requirements.
3.5. Converter Mathematical Models
Power can be converted from an AC bus to a DC bus using converters. Inverting is indicated by a positive integer while rectifying is indicated by a negative sign. represents the maximum electricity while a rectifier is trying to rectify [21], which would be the valued capacity. defined as the total electricity upon that Dc link.
4. Fuzzy Logic MPPT Control Technique
FLC has already been widely utilized for commercial processes since it does not demand an immediate solution and can handle nonlinearities [22]. As shown in Figure 3, FLC is divided into four areas: the fuzzifier, the level of knowledge, the inference system, and also the defuzzifier.
The error and change of error are the two parameters of an MPPT-based FLC, but one productivity is the variation in duty cycle in two techniques or variation in a DC-link voltage in even a single-stage system. The productivity of a fuzzy logic system was subsequently combined towards to create an input signal . At the kth sampling time, and are described as follows:
Every fuzzy parameter in the input and output has three of linguistic attributes: False rate, True rate, and zero. As seen in Figure 4, each linguistic model is defined by a triangle basis function. The input and output signals’ maximum and minimum variations are represented by the parameters and . These settings are chosen and obtained from the simulation data or an optimization algorithm. To represent the real signal, let and the spectrum of each fuzzy variable be normalized between and by providing a scaling factor
The reaction of input parameters under various environmental situations is used to estimate the minimum and maximum values.
The fuzzy controller is represented using symmetrical fuzzy rule set, as shown in Tables 1 and 2. The proper sharp management is then constructed using the center of mass defuzzification. Let denote the coordinates of the result variable’s membership degree. As a result, for parameters, the fuzzy state’s output is calculated as follows: where , and is the power of the ith rule. It is generated by reading the “AND” combination as a sum of the participation values in comparison to and field measurements.
4.1. Proposed MPPT Controller
Step 1. Describe the input and output scaling factors
Step 2. Specify the perturbation time
Step 3. Define the rules of the fuzzy regulator as shown in Tables 1 and 2
Step 4. Specify the parameter
Step 5. Use the simulation to tune
Step 6. Validate the equation as Lyapunov is fulfilled:
Step 7. Determine the vertices of the membership functions values using the adaptation rule.
Step 8. Step size is calculated
Step 9. The MPPT control output is given as
where is represented by or
4.2. The Conductance-Fuzzy Dual-Mode Controlling Techniques
MPPT optimizing has been improved. The basic premise of the conductance increase approach employing the particle swarm optimization algorithm is initially introduced in this section [23]. Secondly, a short explanation of the fuzzy control algorithm is described. Furthermore, a conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control approach with increased conductance is created.
4.2.1. The Conductance Increment Technique’s Fundamental Concept
Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used. The classic conductance enhancement approach works based on a feature of the photovoltaic cell itself, which does not emit any light fluctuate in response to external environmental changes, and after establishing a stable condition, volatility is minimal [24]. The renewable characteristic curve is used to determine whether or not something is true. The particle swarm optimization algorithm works on the following scheme: Assume a -dimensional search process with particles. The place and speed of the particle is . The photon’s speed and position also are changed as per (13) and (14). where represents the optimal location of a particle during period represents the optimal place of the group particle is a inertia factor, represents the resident assurance factor, and represents the component collective’s self-confidence variable. The HPSO algorithm’s workflow entails employing the neural network’s expected power output as a particle swarm and then applying the PSO method to solve inverter substituting at the maximum power point.
The enhanced conductance increment technique depends on the particle swarm optimization algorithm which adjusts the conductance increase product’s step length describing the relationship among particle separation and its minimal thresholds to monitor the program’s maximum power output
5. Algorithm of Fuzzy Control
Fuzzy control is a controller that is built based on user interaction. It is not essential to progress a mathematical model. The unique control flow idea is that by entering the quantity and individual characteristics and then choosing the suitable one, the operator’s membership function and developing customized are determined [25]. The control strategy has been approved, and the management has been accomplished. The data redundancy of the fuzzy control method can be quite high because it does not demand a precise computational formula. The fuzzy analysis process, on the other hand, causes a reduction in control system accuracy and dynamical efficiency.
5.1. Enhanced Conductance-Fuzzy Dual-Mode Control Techniques
Assuming that such a simple particle swarm optimization (PSO) conductivity increases technique or a fuzzy technique neither assures control system precision or duration to a time constant, the MPPT mixed control approach is presented. The PSO technique was being utilized to improve the system’s output voltage characteristic curve worldwide, and the control algorithm is utilized to improve the system’s power output curves locally by changing the scale factor in the conductance augmentation process [26]. Whenever the value is low and the system response is closer to peak power, the fuzzy controller produces a lower period size to increase steady-state precision. The value increases as the range from the maximum power point increases, and also the fuzzy controller generates a higher scale factor to accomplish maximum power point tracking.
5.2. Environmental Parameters of Linear Variation
Suppose that such environmental variables would not drastically change. As a result, the study’s accepted is an increase in the intensity of light after . The conductivity increment method of particle swarm optimization, the conductance of fuzzy hybrid control method, and the fuzzy control strategy are all modeled. The outcome is depicted in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, all three algorithms are capable of improving the power quality in any situation [27]. If the corrected or lose situation seems to have no influence on the outcomes, the conductance-fuzzy dual-mode controller strategy and developed in this work have various degrees of decrease compared to the traditional fuzzy control approach, and the duration for getting the optimum power point is reduced significantly. Compared to the particle swarm optimization technique, the enhanced conductance-fuzzy dual-mode control method produces a quicker steady-state rate and increased benefits are realized.
6. Result and Discussion
A model of the massive amount condition of the solar grid-connected complementing system is created to verify the capability and efficiency of the suggested control approach. The following are the variables for the solar array and boost compressor circuits in the simulation: The solar array lighting intensity is decreased from to before being adjusted to , while the rapidity increases from before being lowered to The upstream and downstream capacitors of the course are , the inductor is and the load is
The optimized photovoltaic power systems, as well as the power generating system, reach a stable level faster than the traditional generation system, as shown in Figures 6 and 7. Because the variation is reduced, the improved system monitoring is more precise and quicker. The optimized solar complementing is capable of tracking the excessive value for particular energy and achieves the stable equilibrium for roughly 0.16 s whenever the initial luminous power is and the air velocity is , as shown in Figure 8. To obtain a stable level, the photovoltaic systems must be controlled for about 0.05 seconds. Traditional solar systems take about 0.115 seconds to achieve a stable level, but their tracking error is about while the latter two’s uncertainty is 1-2 times that of the earlier.
At this point, the solar complementing system’s power output has a greater steady-state period but much less curved variability. The atmospheric air frequency is higher from after 0.3 secs. At about the same time, the levels of variability in the power output levels of the two devices are different. The optimum solar complementing method carries about 0.073 secs to return to steady-state. The curvature variability is reduced and the found significant effect is faster. The classic power generation system takes 0.09 secs to achieve stable equilibrium, and the curve is highly variable. The different lighting brightness is lowered from after 0.6 secs. The time necessary for a solar complementing process to the obtain a steady state during optimizing is around 0.05 s. The duration is around 0.089 secs, and the following inaccuracy is larger than the optimal solar complementing system. The output current waveforms of the two have different variations. Using traditional optimization photovoltaic panels and traditional control, the different lighting strength is enhanced from the speed will decrease from , and the time necessary for the solar complementing organization to achieve steady-state is improved. The time it takes for power to achieve a steady-state is similar, but the original’s production curve changes significantly less than that of the latter two. The fuzzy control initial rule is given in Table 3. The critical values of and are shown to improve as solar radiation and modules increased temperature.
The power output curves of the solar complementing achieving significant improvements get gentler as the optimization level develops, according to the entire monitoring stage, that is, twice of a conventional controller solar panel and one-third of a traditional authentication photovoltaic panel. When compared to the other two single-power generating systems, the complementary system’s general proficiency time can be enhanced by almost 90%. As a result, the solar complementing system’s optimal performance is superior.
7. Conclusion
To handle the issue of reducing emissions and climate change at the same time, it is suggested that such a proportion of the grid’s supplies be atomic and renewable in the future. To be effectively safe, fission plants need a reliable and stable network, which necessitates improved advantages of renewable energy sources, particularly solar PV systems. Under varied light intensities, the particles cluster optimization conductance increment method, conductivity-fuzzy dual-mode controller, and standard fuzzy controller are modeled. The results suggest which the conductivity fuzzy dual-mode proposed controller could reach a stable level faster and more accurately than other methods. Furthermore, the algorithm extends battery performance and lowers power usage. Whenever the power distribution model of a photovoltaic power generation system is only used, the demand fluctuation causes inadequate power sources, according to the findings. The local power distribution model is verified by the integration of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and a solar complementing power scheme. This control distribution style is among the most effective strategies to assure legal compliance because it supports various sources of energy. Combining advanced algorithms only with MPPT as in the future is a promising avenue for achieving great precision and knowledge.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude towards St. Mother Theresa College of Engineering, Vagaikulam-628102, Tamilnadu, India for providing the necessary infrastructure to carry out this work successfully. The authors would like to acknowledge the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP-2021/373), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.