Enhancing Photovoltaic Module Fault Diagnosis with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Deep Learning-Based Image Analysis

Table 4

Various PVM visual faults.

S. no	Visual faults in PVM	Reason for occurrence of fault	Effect on modules	Images
1	Delamination [30]	Loss of adhesion between the glass, encapsulant, and rear cover.	Corrosion caused by moisture intrusion.
2	Glass breakage [31]	Physical harm caused during installation and transit, thermal stresses.	Lower radiance, corrosion, and invasion of moisture
3	Snail trail [32]	Microcracks along edges caused by stress.	Quicker degradation
4	Discoloration [33]	Increased exposure to heat, humidity, and UV radiation.	Power loss, physical colour changes in modules (yellowing or browning).
5	Burn marks [34]	Failure of the solder bond, ribbon tearing, and localised heating.	Risks to safety and decrease in performance.