In order to investigate the light-induced-degradation (LID) and regeneration of industrial PERC solar cells made from different positions of silicon wafers in a silicon ingot, five groups of silicon wafers were cut from a commercial solar-grade boron-doped Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) ingot from top to bottom with a certain distance and made into PERC solar cells by using the standard industrial process after measuring lifetimes of minority carriers and concentrations of boron, oxygen, carbon, and transition metal impurities. Then, the changes of their <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" id="M1" height="8.68572pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 5.68448 8.68572" width="5.68448pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-74" d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z"/></g></svg>-</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M2" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.35121 8.8423" width="9.35121pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-87" d="M697 650H468L461 623L492 619C539 613 547 605 518 546C481 471 367 264 278 116H276C239 278 197 500 186 567C180 604 185 613 226 619L252 623L260 650H24L17 623C78 617 92 613 108 533L216 -11H247C365 200 515 462 560 529C616 612 624 615 689 623L697 650Z"/></g></svg> characteristic parameters (efficiency <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M3" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-229" d="M471 401C471 442 455 448 440 448C421 448 389 439 366 424C314 390 233 331 165 242H163L187 345C193 372 197 393 197 409C197 435 189 448 174 448C146 448 80 408 23 349L40 327C64 351 97 373 107 373C115 373 118 366 111 337L29 -4L36 -12C56 -4 83 3 110 9C123 69 136 126 150 172C227 283 336 381 377 381C392 381 396 370 379 298L326 74C290 -77 273 -172 273 -197C273 -219 316 -261 346 -261L353 -246C348 -227 352 -174 374 -66L457 310C467 352 471 381 471 401Z"/></g></svg>,</span> open-circuit voltage <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M4" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.5616 11.9087" width="16.5616pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.332,3.132)"><path id="g190-112" d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.055,3.132)"><path id="g190-100" d="M390 111C344 68 312 56 269 56C212 56 118 102 118 241C118 346 175 401 241 401C277 401 312 388 342 360C350 352 355 349 361 349C372 349 394 371 394 392C394 403 391 411 378 422C362 436 329 449 288 449H287C250 449 190 432 138 392C71 341 37 274 37 197C37 90 112 -12 238 -12C297 -12 363 32 407 90L390 111Z"/></g></svg>,</span> short-circuit current <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M5" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.6235 11.9087" width="12.6235pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.719,3.132)"><path id="g190-116" d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.132,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg>,</span> and fill factor <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981041pt" id="M6" height="8.57479pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 13.9052 8.57479" width="13.9052pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-71" d="M493 503C489 551 484 614 483 650H43V622C120 616 128 611 128 525V126C128 40 120 34 40 28V0H312V28C221 34 213 40 213 126V307H316C407 307 412 296 424 227H453V420H424C412 355 407 346 316 346H213V584C213 613 216 616 246 616H322C398 616 419 607 436 579C449 559 455 539 464 499L493 503Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g></svg>)</span> with time were in situ measured by using a solar cell <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.0498209pt" id="M7" height="8.68572pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 5.68448 8.68572" width="5.68448pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-74"/></g></svg>-</span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" id="M8" height="8.8423pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.35121 8.8423" width="9.35121pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g></svg> tester during the 1st LID (45°C, 1 sun, 12 h), regeneration (100°C, 1 sun, 24 h), and 2nd LID (45°C, 1 sun, 12 h). The results show that the LID and regeneration of the PERC solar cells are caused by the transition of B-O defects playing a dominant role together with the dissociation of Fe-B pairs playing a secondary role. The decay of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M9" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-229"/></g></svg> during the 1st LID is caused by the degradation of <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M10" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.5616 11.9087" width="16.5616pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.332,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-112"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.055,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M11" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.6235 11.9087" width="12.6235pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.719,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-116"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.132,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg>,</span> and <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981041pt" id="M12" height="8.57479pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 13.9052 8.57479" width="13.9052pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g></svg>,</span> while the increase of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M13" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-229"/></g></svg> during the regeneration is mainly contributed by <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M14" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 16.5616 11.9087" width="16.5616pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-87"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.332,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-112"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,12.055,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> and <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04981041pt" id="M15" height="8.57479pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.52498 13.9052 8.57479" width="13.9052pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.877,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-71"/></g></svg>,</span> and the decay of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M16" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-229"/></g></svg> during the 2nd LID is mainly induced by the degradation of <span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.2728pt" id="M17" height="11.9087pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 12.6235 11.9087" width="12.6235pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-74"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.719,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-116"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.132,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg>.</span> After regeneration, the decay rate of <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M18" height="9.39034pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -5.96091 6.54569 9.39034" width="6.54569pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-229"/></g></svg> reduces from 4.43%–5.56% (relative) during the 1st LID to 0.33%–1.75% (relative) during the 2nd LID.

Shuai Yuan

Siqi Ding

Bin Ai

Daming Chen

Jingsheng Jin

Jiaxing Ye

Depeng Qiu

Xiaopu Sun

Xueqin Liang

In Situ LID and Regeneration of PERC Solar Cells from Different Positions of a B-Doped Cz-Si Ingot

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<p><em>International Journal of Photoenergy</em> publishes original research and review articles focused on all areas of photoenergy, including photochemistry and solar energy utilization.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Giulia Grancini, is based at the University of Pavia, Italy. Her current research work aims at solving the stability and toxicity issues of developing multi-dimensional hybrid interfaces as lego-bricks for a new efficient, stable, and environmentally-friendly solar technology.</p>


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International Journal of Photoenergy | Hindawi

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International Journal of Photoenergy publishes original research and review articles focused on all areas of photoenergy, including photochemistry and solar energy utilization.

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International Journal of Photoenergy

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In Situ LID and Regeneration of PERC Solar Cells from Different Positions of a B-Doped Cz-Si Ingot