Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women in Cape Town, South Africa: Drug Use, Sexual Behavior, and the Need for Comprehensive Services

Table 1

Demographic and Background Characteristics of Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women (𝑁=382).

Measure	Total sample (𝑁=382)	Pregnant women (𝑛=26)	Nonpregnant women (𝑛=356)	Test statistic (𝑡(𝑑𝑓) or 𝜒^2(𝑑𝑓))	𝑃
	Mean (SD) or 𝑛 (%) or 𝑛/𝑁 (%)
Demographics and Social characteristics
Age	23.1 (4.2)	22.7 (3.6)	24.3 (4.3)	𝑡(30)=−2.22	.03
Race
Black	139 (36.4%)	5 (19.2%)	134 (37.6%)	𝜒^2(1)=3.55	.09
Coloured	243 (63.6%)	21 (80.8%)	222 (62.4%)
Mean years of education completed	9.3 (1.9)	9.0 (2.2)	9.3 (1.9)	𝑡(28)=−0.69	.49
Marital status
Single	353 (92.4%)	24 (92.3%)	329 (92.4%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.00	1.0
Married	29 (7.6%)	2 (7.7%)	27 (7.6%)
Have a main sexual partner	359 (94.0%)	24 (92.3%)	335 (94.1%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.14	.66
Economic status
Employed	37 (9.7%)	0 (0.0%)	37 (10.4%)	𝜒^2(1)=3.00	.16
Have skills for employment	290 (75.9%)	20 (76.9%)	270 (75.8%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.02	1.0
Mean number of children living with participant	2.0 (1.7); (𝑛=351)	2.1 (1.1); (𝑛=17)	2.0 (1.7); (𝑛=325)	𝑡(20)=0.05	.96
Legal history
Ever spent time in prison	142 (37.2%)	9 (34.6%)	133 (37.4%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.08	.84
Violence exposure
Ever been physically hurt	171 (44.8%)	8 (30.8%)	163 (45.8%)	𝜒^2(1)=2.21	.16
Ever forced to perform sexual acts	89 (23.3%)	6 (23.1%)	83 (23.3%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.001	1.0
Risk factors for substance abuse
Depressive symptom severity: mean CES-D score in past week	28.4 (12.2)	29.7 (9.9)	29.4 (12.2)	𝑡(31)=0.16	.87
Family members use drugs and/or alcohol too much	289 (75.7%)	22 (84.6%)	267 (75.0%)	𝜒^2(1)=1.22	.35
Maternal history of alcohol use	183 (47.9%)	12 (46.2%)	171 (48.0%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.03	1.0
During the past 30 days, did your main partner get drunk	211/359 (58.8%)	13/24 (54.2%)	198/335 (59.1%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.23	.67
During the past 30 days, did your main partner use drugs	232/359 (64.6%)	13/24 (54.2%)	219/335 (65.4%)	𝜒^2(1)=1.23	.28
Alcohol and drug use and drug injecting
Methamphetamine (tik) use	262 (68.6%)	24 (92.3%)	238 (66.9%)	𝜒^2(1)=7.29	.01
Drink alcohol	341/372 (91.7%)	23/26 (88.5%)	318/346 (91.9%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.38	.47
How often do you drink alcohol	(𝑛=372)	(𝑛=26)	(𝑛=346)
Never	31 (8.3%)	3 (11.5%)	28 (8.1%)
Monthly or less	90 (24.2%)	4 (15.4%)	86 (24.9%)
2–4 times per month	101 (27.2%)	12 (46.2%)	89 (25.7%)	𝜒^2(4)=6.26	.14
2–3 times per week	114 (30.7%)	5 (19.2%)	109 (31.5%)
4 or more times per week	36 (9.7%)	2 (7.7%)	34 (9.8%)
Marijuana (dagga) use	281 (73.6)	17 (65.4%)	264 (74.2%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.96	.36
Rock use	12 (3.1%)	1 (3.8%)	11 (3.1%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.05	.58
Cocaine use	2 (0.5%)	0 (0%)	2 (0.6%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.15	1.0
Heroin use	13 (3.4%)	0 (0%)	13 (3.7%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.98	1.0
Mandrax (white pipe) use	98 (25.7%)	8 (30.8%)	90 (25.3%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.38	.50
Ever injected	3 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	3 (0.84%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.22	1.0
Participant thinks she has an alcohol problem	52 (13.6%)	2 (7.7%)	50 (14.0%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.83	.55
Participant thinks she has a drug problem	244 (63.9%)	16 (61.5%)	228 (64.0%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.07	.83
Drug treatment history
Ever been to drug treatment	34 (8.9%)	3 (11.5%)	31 (8.7%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.24	.72
Reasons for not entering drug Treatment
Drug treatment does not work	100/348 (28.7%)	7/23 (30.4%)	93/325 (28.6%)	𝜒^2(1)=0.03	.82
Participant does not know where to go for treatment	95/349 (27.2%)	2/23 (8.7%)	93/326 (28.5%)	𝜒^2(1)=4.27	.05
Lack the money to pay for treatment	69/349 (19.8%)	2/23 (8.7%)	67/326 (20.6%)	𝜒^2(1)=1.9	.28
Nutrition
Frequency of going without food
Never	127 (33.3%)	6 (23.1%)	121 (34.0%)	𝜒^2(3)=1.36	.64
Less than once a month	87 (22.8%)	7 (26.9%)	80 (22.5%)
Less than once a week	73 (19.1%)	6 (23.1%)	67 (18.8%)
Every week	95 (24.9%)	7 (26.9%)	88 (24.7%)
Obstetrical status
Now pregnant	26 (6.8%)
Seek prenatal care		19 (73.1%)
Received prenatal care		9 (34.6%)
Use of methamphetamine (tik) while pregnant
Never used		2 (7.7%)
Stopped		0 (0%)
Reduced		16 (61.5%)
Same		7 (26.9%)
Increased		1 (3.9%)
Use of alcohol while pregnant
Never used		2 (7.7%)
Stopped		9 (34.6%)
Reduced		10 (38.5%)
Same		5 (19.2%)
Use of marijuana (dagga) while pregnant
Never used		5 (19.2%)
Stopped		3 (11.5%)
Reduced		13 (50.0%)
Same		4 (15.4%)
Increased		1 (3.9%)

Notes. Probability values for 𝜒² tests of significance are based on exact methods. Percentages are within their respective sample.