Excess Early Postnatal Weight Gain Leads to Increased Abdominal Fat in Young Children
Table 2
Associations between both size at birth and early infancy growth parameters and fat distribution indices at 5 years.
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Waist circumference (cm)
Intra-abdominal fat (mm)
Subcutaneous fat (mm)
Linear regression coefficient (95%-CI)
value
Linear regression coefficient (95%-CI)
value
Linear regression coefficient (95%-CI)
value
Linear regression coefficient (95%-CI)
value
-score birth size*
Crude
0.24 (0.080–0.39)
0.003
0.42 (0.007–0.83)
0.046
0.081 (−0.64–0.81)
0.83
0.15 (−0.21–0.51)
0.42
Model 1
0.24 (0.084–0.40)
0.003
0.45 (0.040–0.85)
0.031
0.048 (−0.67–0.77)
0.90
0.16 (−0.20–0.51)
0.38
Model 2
0.40 (0.029–0.77)
0.034
0.050 (−0.67–0.77)
0.89
0.13 (−0.21–0.48)
0.45
Model 3
0.12 (−0.54–0.78)
0.72
0.14 (−0.20–0.49)
0.42
Weight gain (gr/day)
Crude
0.13 (0.089–0.16)
<0.001
0.34 (0.24–0.43)
<0.001
0.16 (−0.018–0.34)
0.078
0.096 (0.009–0.18)
0.031
Model 1
0.13 (0.087–0.16)
<0.001
0.33 (0.23–0.43)
<0.001
0.11 (−0.075–0.30)
0.24
0.16 (0.071–0.25)
<0.001
Model 2
0.21 (0.11–0.31)
<0.010
0.14 (−0.062–0.34)
0.18
0.10 (0.004–0.20)
0.040
Model 3
0.12 (−0.067–0.30)
0.21
0.10 (0.004–0.19)
0.041
Length gain (mm/day)
Crude
0.79 (−2.6–4.2)
0.65
8.8 (0.005–17.6)
0.050
3.0 (−12.3–18.3)
0.70
−1.3 (−8.9–6.2)
0.73
Model 1
0.48 (−2.9–3.8)
0.78
7.7 (−1.0–16.4)
0.083
2.1 (−13.2–17.3)
0.79
−0.50 (−8.0–7.0)
0.90
Model 2
Model 3
1.5 (−12.5–15.5)
0.84
−0.55 (−8.0–6.9)
0.89
Z-score weight for length gain**
Crude
0.51 (0.37–0.66)
<0.001
1.2 (0.82–1.6)
<0.001
0.43 (−0.29–1.1)
0.25
0.68 (0.33–1.0)
<0.001
Model 1
0.51 (0.37–0.66)
<0.001
1.2 (0.83–1.6)
<0.001
0.42 (−0.29–1.1)
0.25
0.68 (0.34–1.0)
<0.001
Model 2
0.84 (0.46–1.2)
<0.001
0.49 (−0.26–1.2)
0.20
0.50 (0.15–0.85)
0.006
Model 3
0.44 (−0.24–1.1)
0.21
0.50 (0.15–0.85)
0.005
A -score of +1 SD WLG indicates that the weight gain of a certain child is one standard deviation larger than the mean weight gain in the population based on the length gain of that child.
*Birth weight adjusted for birth length, gestational age and gender.
**Weight gain rate adjusted for length gain rate and gender. All results are linear regression coefficients with 95%-confidence intervals. Model 1: adjusted for age and gender. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender and current height (the analyses with rate of length gain are not adjusted for current height). Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, current height and observer (for intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat).
