Maternal Music Exposure during Pregnancy Influences Neonatal Behaviour: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Baseline comparisons of relevant maternal and neonatal variables between music and control groups.

Variable	Music group (𝑛=126)	Control group (𝑛=134)	Test statistic	𝑃 value
Maternal factors
Maternal age (years) (mean ± SD)	23.8±1.9	24.9±2.3	𝑡=−1.14,𝑑𝑓=258	0.2542
Gestational age at enrolment (completed weeks) (mean ± SD)	13.1±2.4	12.7±2.9	𝑡=1.21,𝑑𝑓=258	0.2283
Family socioeconomic class (I, II and III, IV, and V)	4,88,34	7,91,36	𝜒^2=0.68,𝑑𝑓=2	0.7117
Maternal professional status (working, housewife)	45,81	49,85	𝜒^2=0.02,𝑑𝑓=1	0.8862
Mode of delivery (vaginal, caesarean section)	97,29	98,36	𝜒^2=0.51,𝑑𝑓=1	0.4737
Neonatal factors
Sex (male : female)	69,57	71,63	𝜒^2=0.08,𝑑𝑓=1	0.7739
Birth weight (grams) (mean ± SD)	2693.5±94.7	2686.1±89.9	𝑡=0.646,𝑑𝑓=258	0.5186

SD: standard deviation; Socioeconomic classes as per Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic status scale 2003 modification: I: upper, II: upper middle, III: lower middle, IV: upper lower, V: lower.