International Journal of Pediatrics

Research Article

Postnatal Acute Famine and Risk of Overweight: The Dutch Hungerwinter Study

Table 3

Waist circumference: means, (un)adjusted differences, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for women of all ages combined and within each of the three exposure age categories: 0–9 years, 10–17 years, and ≥18 years who reported to be moderately or severely exposed to famine compared to those who reported to be unexposed to famine.


	Number of subjects	Mean (SD)	Crude model		Multivariable model 1		Multivariable model 2
	Number of subjects	Mean (SD)	Mean difference^†	95% CI	Mean difference^†	95% CI	Mean difference^†	95% CI

All ages
Unexposed	3.670	83.8 (9.9)	reference	—	reference	—	reference	—
Moderately exposed	3.072	84.7 (10.0)	0.91	0.43 to 1.39	0.75	0.28 to 1.23	1.08	0.57 to 1.60
Severely exposed	1.334	84.9 (10.4)	1.19	0.56 to 1.82	0.65	0.02 to 1.27	0.72	0.03 to 1.41
P for trend			<0.001		0.007		0.002
Age at famine categories
0 to 9 years
Unexposed	2.145	82.3 (9.6)	reference	—	reference	—	reference	—
Moderately exposed	1.609	83.0 (9.8)	0.74	0.11 to 1.38	0.84	0.21 to 1.48	1.09	0.40 to 1.77
Severely exposed	664	83.8 (10.5)	1.56	0.71 to 2.41	1.02	0.17 to 1.88	0.86	−0.09 to 1.81
P for trend			<0.001		0.004		0.008
10 to 17 years
Unexposed	1.343	85.7 (9.9)	reference	—	reference	—	reference	—
Moderately exposed	1.244	86.4 (9.9)	0.69	−0.08 to 1.46	0.72	−0.05 to 1.50	1.22	0.37 to 2.06
Severely exposed	584	85.8 (10.2)	0.15	−0.82 to 1.12	0.23	−0.75 to 1.20	0.44	−0.64 to 1.52
P for trend			0.45		0.37		0.13
≥18 years
Unexposed	182	87.0 (9.6)	reference	—	reference	—	reference	—
Moderately exposed	219	87.2 (9.9)	0.14	−1.79 to 2.07	0.72	−1.26 to 2.71	0.64	−1.64 to 2.91
Severely exposed	86	87.5 (9.9)	0.46	−2.06 to 2.98	0.73	−1.82 to 3.28	1.84	−1.02 to 4.70
P for trend			0.73		0.51		0.22

^†Mean difference as compared to those who reported to be unexposed to famine.
P for interaction age at famine * famine exposure: 0.07.
Multivariable model 1: adjusted for age at start of the famine (October 1, 1944), smoking (pack years), alcohol intake (g/day), and level of education (3 categories: low, intermediate, and high).
Multivariable model 2: adjusted for age at start of the famine (October 1, 1944), smoking (pack years), alcohol intake (g/day), level of education (3 categories: low, intermediate, and high), and total energy intake (kcal), among the subgroup of women with reliable energy intake according to Goldberg’s equation.