|
| Study | Study period | Country | Study designa | Type of incidentb | Age of
children | Total
cases |
Study factorsc | Main findings |
A
| B
| C
| D
| E
| F
| G
| H
| I
| J
| K
| L
| M |
|
|
Rice et al. [34] | 2005–2007 | US | CS | LSVRO | ≤14 years | 94 | • | • | | | | • | • | • | • | | | • | • | 74% of cases were ≤4 years, 10% were fatal injuries
In a subsample of 21 cases, median age −28 months; 62% were 1 or 2 years old (13 cases)
81% of cases were male (17 cases)
62% cases were back-over injuries (13 cases)
71% cases involved SUV, pick-up truck, or van
76% were drivers known to the child, 52% were parents
57% (12) occurred in driveways mainly home driveways
43% incidents occurred between 11 a.m.–5 p.m. |
|
| QTR [35] | 2005–2009 | Australia | CS | DR | 0–14
years | 53 | • | • | | | | | | | | | | | | Majority of cases aged <1 year
60% were male children |
|
|
Hunter et al. [36] | 2006–2009 | NZ | CS | DR | 0–15
Years | 12 | • | • | • | | | | • | | • | | | | | 67% of cases aged <1 year (8 cases)
58% of cases were males (7 cases)
58% cases were Maori group (7 cases), all cases were driveway runover incidents.
3 cases were hit by car, 2 cases by a truck and a van |
|
|
Hsiao et al. [37] | 2001–2005 | NZ | CS | DR | <15 years | 93 | • | • | • | | • | • | • | | • | • | | • | • | 80% of cases occurred at home
64% of cases used driveway as usual play area
73% of cases aged 0–4 years
68% of cases were Maori or Pacific groups |
|
|
Davey et al. [38] | 1998–2000 | Australia | CS | DR | <15 years | 76 | • | • | | | | • | • | • | • | | | | • | 40% of cases occurred in driveways
57% of cases were males
51% of cases aged <4 years
61% of cases involved cars
28% of cases involved a parent driving |
|
|
Fenton et al. [8] | 1997–2004 | US | CS | DR
| ≤5 years | 495 | • | • | | | | | • | • | • | • | | • | • | Younger children (≤5 yrs) accounted for 85%
driveway injuries
Median age −2.9 yrs
55% were cars
Trucks (25%) carried highest mortality of 19%
66% between May and October
52% occurring Thursday and Saturday
56% between 3 p.m.–8 p.m. |
|
| QISU [39] | 1998–2003 | Australia | CS | LSVRO | <15 years | 539 | • | | | | | | | | • | | | | | Driveways were common location (17%) for lowspeed run over in children aged <5 yrs
26% of cases a reversing vehicle was involved |
|
|
Murphy et al. [40] | 1998–2001 | NZ | CS | DR | <15 years | 76 | • | • | • | | • | • | • | • | • | | | • | • | 86% <4 years old; 58% boys
74% were Maori and Pacific Islander groups
71% were cars, 20% van and light trucks
71% home driveway, 21% in shared driveways
68% reversed over by relative
84% of events occurred in rental property |
|
|
Di Scala et al. [41] | 1995–2000 | US | CS | DR | <20 years | 421 | • | • | | | | | | | | | | | | 68% of children in driveways were 0–4 years
60% occurred among male children |
|
|
Nadler et al. [42] | 1986–1999 | US | CS | DR | Mean age 3.37
years | 64 | • | • | | | | • | • | • | | | • | • | • | 80% of cases involved reversing vehicle
48% of cases involved an SUV or truck; 41% involved cars
52% of cases were males, mean age = 3.37 ± 2.4
34% of cases <2
70% were vehicles driven by an adult driver |
|
|
Holland et al. [13] | 1988–2000 | Australia | CS | DR | <16 years | 55 | • | | | | | • | • | • | | • | | • | • | 76% of cases were male
76% of cases involved reversing vehicle
71% of cases involve parent/relative as driver
55% of cases involved cars |
|
|
Partrick et al. [9] | 1991–1996 | US | CS | DR | <18 years | 51 | • | • | | | | • | | | | | • | | • | 80% of cases <5 years, 12% were between 5–9 years
59% of cases were male
34% of cases involved parent as driver
37% child was playing under or behind parked vehicle
20% children walking behind moving vehicle |
|
|
Roberts et al. [43] | 1992–1994 | NZ | CC | DR | <15 years | 212 | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | | • | | | | • | 3-fold increased risk associated with absence of physical separation of driveway from play area (PAR = 50%)
3-fold increased risk associated with shared driveway, households with 3 children or more, and child with NZ ethnic origin
2-fold increased risk associated with children living in rental accommodation, if child resided in the premises for <3 months |
|
|
Roberts et al. [44] | 1986–1990 | NZ | CS | LSVRO | <15 years | 99
| | • | | | | • | | • | • | | | • | • | 7 of 8 fatalities occurred by a reversing vehicle in a driveway
5 children out of 8 deaths were females
93% of cases occurred in driveways
84% of cases involved a reversing vehicle
61% of cases involved a friend/relative driver |
|
|
Stevenson et al. [45] | 1980–1989 | Australia | CS | DR | 0–14 years | 51 | | | | | | | | | • | | | | • | 51 cases (4%) of total pedestrian injuries occurred in home driveways |
|
|
Winn et al. [12] | 1987–1989 | US | CS | LSVRO | <15 years | 58 | • | | • | | | | | | | | | • | • | 38% of cases were aged 0–2 years
63% of Hispanic children were aged 3–5 years
43% of white children were aged 0–2 years |
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