[Retracted] The Association between the Parents’ Knowledge of Carbohydrate Counting and the Glycaemic Control of the Children with Type 1 Diabetes
Table 1
Knowledge of carbohydrate counting expressed with a ratio and its associations.
Carbohydrate Count (Mean ± SD) (Ratio between estimated value and actual value)
Total
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
Snacks
Parental Status
Mother (n=142, 78.5%)
0.86±0.29
0.96±0.46
1.00±0.58
0.85±0.40
1.19±0.58
Father (n=39, 21.5%)
0.97±0.18
0.97±0.33
1.00±0.25
0.93±0.35
1.29±0.62
Parental Age
≤ 35 years (n=40, 22.1%)
0.92±0.26
0.91±0.54
0.94±0.28
0.87±0.33
1.19±0.61
36-40 years (n=80, 44.2%)
0.82±0.27
0.86±0.35
0.89±0.46
0.86±0.48
1.15±0.61
> 40 years (n=61, 33.7%)
0.92±0.25
0.93±0.44
0.89±0.67
0.92±0.30
1.14±0.49
Level of Education
Secondary Education (Grades 6-11) (n=102, 56.4%)
0.92±0.24
0.94±0.38¥
1.03±0.44
0.91±0.41
1.02±0.68≠
Advance Level (Grades 12-13) (n=61, 33.7%)
0.87±0.29
0.96±0.48
0.94±0.66
0.87±0.39
1.00±0.25†
Tertiary Education (n=18, 9.9%)
0.75±0.24
1.21±0.54¥
1.03±0.51
0.77±0.24
0.71±0.19≠†
Duration of Diabetes
≤ 3 years (n=90, 49.7%)
0.93±0.26∞
0.96±0.39
0.95±0.42
0.86±0.41
1.15±0.47
> 3 years (n=91, 50.3%)
0.82±0.27∞
0.96±0.47
1.05±0.61
0.91±0.37
1.27±0.66
HbA1c Level (%)
≤ 7.50 (n=36, 19.9%)
0.92±0.14≠
0.96±0.42
0.96±0.30
0.90±0.37
1.01±0.12
7.51 – 8.50 (n=59, 32.6%)
0.85±0.18
0.93±0.41
0.93±0.30
0.91±0.34
1.05±0.43
> 8.50 (n=76, 42.0%)
0.79±0.16≠
0.93±0.33
0.78±0.19
0.85±0.40
1.15±0.51
Hypoglycaemic episodes (last month)
None (n=135, 74.6%)
0.96±0.28≠
0.97±0.44
1.04±0.28≠
0.89±0.39
1.00±0.34
≥ 1 episode (n=46, 25.4%)
0.82±0.21≠
0.94±0.41
0.85±0.30≠
0.87±0.39
1.30±0.30
-0.014, -0.002, -0.03, p<0.001, and -0.042. Values in the same column with the same superscript are significantly different from each other; significance of associations was tested using Student’s t-test or ANNOVA.
