Research Article
Infants Born Large for Gestational Age and Developmental Attainment in Early Childhood
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of boys and girls aged 0–3 years.
| | Characteristic | Girls | Boys | All | | | | | (%) or mean (SD) | (%) or mean (SD) | (%) or mean (SD) |
| | Exposure | | Size for gestational age | | | | | Appropriate for gestational age | 657 (81.8) | 717 (81.3) | 1374 (81.5) | | Large for gestational age | 146 (18.2) | 165 (18.7) | 311 (18.5) |
| | Outcome | | Verbal ability | | | | | Poor | 150 (18.7) | 156 (17.7) | N/A | | Appropriate | 653 (81.3) | 726 (82.3) | | Externalizing behaviour problem | | | | | Top 10th percentile | 130 (16.2) | 186 (21.1) | N/A | | ≤90th percentile | 673 (83.8) | 696 (78.9) |
| | Prenatal factors | | Parity | | | | | 1 | 309 (41.8) | 342 (41.2) | 651 (41.4) | | 2 | 244 (33.0) | 316 (38.0) | 560 (35.6) | | ≥3 | 187 (25.2) | 173 (20.8) | 360 (23.0) | | Mean maternal age at birth | 29.53 (5.29) | 29.55 (5.46) | 29.54 (5.38) | | Marital status | | | | | Married | 519 (64.7) | 598 (67.7) | 1117 (66.3) | | Living common-law | 154 (19.2) | 160 (18.2) | 314 (18.7) | | Widowed, separated, divorced, or single | 130 (16.1) | 124 (14.1) | 254 (15.0) | | Maternal level of education | | | | | < secondary or secondary graduation | 142 (18.8) | 165 (19.4) | 307 (19.2) | | Some postsecondary | 89 (11.9) | 100 (11.8) | 189 (11.8) | | College, university, or other | 521 (69.3) | 583 (68.8) | 1104 (69.0) | | Income status | | | | | Not low income | 648 (80.7) | 747 (84.7) | 1395 (82.8) | | Low income | 155 (19.3) | 135 (15.3) | 290 (17.2) | | Maternal race | | | | | White | 653 (87.2) | 740 (87.3) | 1393 (87.3) | | Other | 95 (12.8) | 108 (12.7) | 203 (12.7) | | Maternal country of birth | | | | | Canada | 622 (82.8) | 740 (87.4) | 1362 (85.2) | | Other | 129 (17.2) | 108 (12.6) | 237 (14.8) | | Smoking during pregnancy | | | | | Yes | 102 (12.8) | 98 (11.2) | 200 (12.0) | | No | 694 (87.2) | 773 (88.8) | 1467 (88.0) | | Alcohol use during pregnancy | | | | | Yes | 124 (15.5) | 147 (16.9) | 271 (16.2) | | No | 672 (84.5) | 724 (83.1) | 1396 (83.8) | | Maternal diabetes | | | | | Yes | 40 (5.00) | 65 (7.4) | 105 (6.2) | | No | 763 (95.00) | 817 (92.6) | 1580 (93.8) |
| | Postnatal factors | | Breastfeeding practices | | | | | Never or up to 4 weeks | 112 (16.2) | 128 (16.1) | 240 (16.2) | | 5 weeks to 6 months | 221 (31.9) | 268 (33.9) | 489 (32.9) | | Greater than 6 months | 360 (51.9) | 396 (50.0) | 755 (50.9) | | How often do you read to this child? | | | | | Rarely, never, or a few times a month | 73 (9.1) | 71 (8.1) | 144 (8.5) | | Once a week or a few times a week | 183 (22.8) | 243 (27.6) | 426 (25.3) | | Daily | 547 (68.1) | 568 (64.3) | 1115 (66.2) | | Mean parenting scores | | | | | Positive interactions (0–20) | 16.62 (2.89) | 16.56 (2.25) | 16.59 (2.27) | | Ineffective parenting (0–28) | 8.60 (3.52) | 8.99 (3.28) | 8.80 (3.40) | | Rational parenting (0–16) | 3.94 (2.08) | 4.22 (2.04) | 4.09 (2.07) | | Mean maternal depression score (0–36) | 4.03 (4.67) | 4.16 (4.95) | 4.10 (4.81) |
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Frequencies were rounded to the nearest whole number.
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