| | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | | Characteristics | 2000 () | 2005 () | 2011 () | 2016 () |
| | Children age (in year) (5 ref.) | | | | | | 4 | 0.23 (0.18, 0.30) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.27) | 0.44 (0.32, 0.61) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.65) | | 3 | 0.22 (0.17, 0.28) | 0.17 (0.12, 0.26) | 0.33 (0.25, 0.45) | 0.45 (0.35,0.58) | | 2 | 0.26 (0.20, 0.34) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.26) | 0.32 (0.24, 0.45) | 0.45 (0.36, 0.57) | | 1 | 0.25 (0.19, 0.33) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.25) | 0.32 (0.24, 0.45) | 0.38 (0.30, 0.49) | | Children gender (female as ref.) | | | | | | Male | 1.13 (0.97, 1.29) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.40) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.33) | | Birth interval in months (60+ as ref.) | | | | | | First | 0.71 (0.51, 0.98) | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.81 (0.57, 1.13) | 0.68 (0.36, 1.29) | | 7-17 | 0.71 (0.51, 0.99) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.70, 1.31) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.27) | | 18-23 | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.33) | 0.94(0.73, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.30) | | 24-35 | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.40) | 0.93(0.70, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.62, 1.77) | | 36-47 | 0.91 (0.67, 1.24) | 0.81 (0.50, 1.31) | 1.17(0.81, 1.69) | 1.17 (0.67, 2.06) | | 48-59 | 1.05 (0.75, 1.48) | 0.99 (56, 1.78) | 1.21(0.80, 1.84) | 1.27 (0.70, 2.28) | | Place of residence (rural as ref.) | | | | | | Urban | 0.91 (0.60, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) | 1.11 (0.63, 1.97) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.47) | | Caregiver’s age () (mother’s as ref.) | | | | | | 20-24 | 0.99 (0.68, 1.47) | 0.78 (0.45, 1.37) | 1.28 (0.80, 2.03) | 2.18 (1.11, 4.32) | | 25-29 | 0.80 (0.5, 1.33) | 0.89 (0.53, 1.52) | 1.19 (0.71, 2.01) | 2.13 (1.03, 4.42) | | 30-34 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.4) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.32) | 1.21 (0.71, 2.06) | 2.19 (1.06, 4.52) | | 35-39 | 0.83 (0.52, 1.31) | 0.61 (0.34, 1.01) | 1.56 (0.93, 2.64) | 1.66 (0.80, 3.44) | | 40-44 | 0.87 (0.54, 1.42) | 1.19 (0.64, 2.21) | 0.91 (0.53, 1.58) | 1.36 (0.59, 3.16) | | 45-49 | 1.11 (0.63, 1.92) | 0.96 (0.45, 2.02) | 1.79 (0.85, 3.76) | 5.75 (1.44, 23.1) | | Mother’s education status (higher ref.) | | | | | | Secondary | 1.25 (0.98, 1.61) | 1.34 (0.98, 1.86) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 1.43 (1.15, 1.78) | | Primary | 1.67 (1.04, 2.67) | 1.88 (0.85, 4.18) | 1.21 (0.46, 3.20) | 1.65 (1.05, 2.59) | | No education | 2.63 (0.98, 3.21) | 2.45 (0.28, 21.18) | 1.75 (0.33, 9.27) | 1.54 (0.68, 3.46) | | Socio economic status (SES) (richest as ref.) | | | | | | Richer | | 0.90 (0.68, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.18) | 1.20 (0.86, 1.41) | | Middle | | 1.18 (0.87, 1.58) | 1.2 (0.91, 1.56) | 1.29 (0.96, 1.74) | | Poor | | 1.29 (0.92, 1.82) | 1.3 (0.93, 1.82) | 1.65 (1.20, 2.26) | | Poorest | | 1.35 (0.89, 2.05) | 2.03 (1.15, 3.59) | 1.39 (0.89, 2.17) | | Breastfeeding (no as ref.) | | | | | | Yes | 0.86 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.77) | 0.72 (0.27, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.57, 1.31) | | Had diarrhea recently (no as ref.) | | | | | | Yes | 0.61 (0.51, 0.73) | 0.75 (0.56, 0.99) | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) | 0.62 (0.48, 0.82) | | Marital status (not married as ref.) | | | | | | Married | 0.79 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.58, 1.62) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.96) | 2.50 (0.73, 8.60) | | Sex of household (male as ref.) | | | | | | Female | 0.72 (0.56, 0.93) | 0.91 (0.64, 1.30) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | | Vaccination (no. as ref.) | | | | | | Yes | 0.77 (0.64, 0.94) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.08) | 0.56 (0.39, 0.82) | | Sources of drinking water (piped as ref.) | | | | | | Borehole or well | 1.02 (0.47, 2.22) | 1.14 (0.37, 3.56) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.50) | 1.33 (0.47, 3.72) | | Surface/rain/pond/Lake/tank | 1.01 (0.42, 2.43) | 1.08 (0.34, 3.46) | 0.62 (0.31, 1.21) | 1.50 (0.53, 4.05) | | Others | 0.99 (0.50, 2.00) | 0.89 (0.30, 2.71) | 0.56 (0.30, 1.03) | 1.13 (0.41, 3.13) | | Type of toilet facility (flush as ref.) | | | | | | Pit latrine | 1.53 (0.29, 8.04) | 1.43 (0.47, 4.32) | 0.67 (0.33, 1.32) | 0.62 (0.36, 1.10) | | No facility | 1.56 (0.31, 7.89) | 1.29 (0.44, 3.85) | 0.50 (0.24, 1.07) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) | | Currently pregnant (no as ref) | | | | | | Yes | 1.01 (0.74, 1.38) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.13) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.10) | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) | | Size of a child (normal as ref.) | | | | | | Small | 0.67 (0.57, 0.78) | 0.67 (0.52, 0.85) | 0.67 (0.54, 0.82) | 0.58 (0.42, 0.80) | | Large | 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) | 1.21 (0.92, 1.58) | 1.44 (1.20, 1.73) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.48) | | Respondent currently working (no as ref.) | | | | | | Yes | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 1.045 (0.83, 1.32) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | | Husband’s education level (higher as ref.) | | | | | | Secondary | 1.33 (1.11, 1.60) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.37) | 1.18 (0.98, 1.42) | | Primary | 1.51 (1.11, 2.04) | 1.03 (0.68, 1.54) | 1.44 (0.64, 3.26) | 1.16 (0.76, 1.77) | | No education | 2.26 (0.81, 6.29) | 0.69 (0.18, 2.65) | 1.95 (0.45, 8.41) | 1.69 (1.12, 2.56) | | Types of birth (multiple as ref.) | | | | | | Singleton | 0.68(0.38,1.20) | 0.34(0.12,1.01) | 0.42(0.22,0.81) | 0.29 (0.16, 0.53) | | BMI of mothers (normal (18-5-24.9) | | | | | | Under weight (<18.5) ref.) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.75) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.31) | 0..91 (0.62, 1.34) | 0.20 (0.07, 0.58) | | Overweight (25-29.9) | 1.72 (1.39, 2.14) | 2.04 (1.44, 2.89) | 1.75 (1.37, 2.25) | 0.86 (0.17, 4.32) | | Obese (>+30)) | 4.11 (2.13, 7.94) | 2.94 (1.52, 5.67) | 2.73 (1.61, 4.63) | 1.37 (0.49, 3.85) | | Current use of contraceptive (no as ref.) | | | | | | Yes | 1.30 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.42) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.27) | | Constant | 5.44 (1.03, 28.71) | 6.28 (1.18, 33.40) | 19.43 (4.93, 76.65) | 7.24 (0.75, 69.15) |
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