| | Predictor variables | Category of variables | Cases | Controls | , value | | (%) | (%) |
| | Parity | | | | | | Multipara | 82 (64.6) | 163 (64.2) | 0.015, | | Primipara | 45 (35.4) | 91 (35.8) |
| | ANC follow-up for this index pregnancy | | | | | | Yes | 108 (85.0) | 240 (94.5) | 9.56, | | No | 19 (15.0) | 14 (5.5) |
| | Gestational age at birth | | | | | | <37 weeks | 11 (8.7) | 21 (8.3) | 0.017, | | ≥37 weeks | 116 (91.3) | 233 (91.7) |
| | Folic acid supplemented prior to or during pregnancy | | | | | | No | 99 (77.9) | 125 (49.2) | 28.87, | | Yes | 28 (22.1) | 129 (50.8) |
| | Planned pregnancy | | | | | | Yes | 51 (40.2) | 93 (36.6) | 0.45, | | No | 76 (59.8) | 161 (63.4) |
| | Previous history of NTDs | | | | | | No | 48 (37.8) | 182 (71.7) | 40.57, | | Yes | 79 (62.2) | 72 (28.3) |
| | Medical problems during this pregnancy (PROM, DM, HTN, HIV, UTI, etc.) | | | | | | Yes | 18 (14.2) | 19 (7.5) | 4.33, | | No | 109 (85.8) | 235 (92.5) |
| | Previous adverse birth outcomes (stillbirth, PTB, LBW, abortion, and SGA) | | | | | | Yes | 25 (19.7) | 32 (12.6) | 3.34, | | No | 102 (80.3) | 222 (87.4) |
| | Substance use during pregnancy (drugs, alcohol, khat, and cigarette) | | | | | | Yes | 27 (29.1) | 23 (9.1) | 25.73, | | No | 90 (70.9) | 231 (90.9) |
| | Onset of labor | | | | | | Spontaneous | 115 (90.6) | 238 (93.7) | 1.23, | | Induced | 12 (9.4) | 16 (6.3) |
| | Mode of delivery | | | | | | SVD | 105 (82.7) | 224 (88.2) | 2.23, | | C-section | 14 (11.0) | 19 (7.5) | | Instrumental assisted delivery | 8 (6.3) | 11 (4.3) |
| | Weight of the newborn | | | | | | <2500 | 87 (68.5) | 9 (3.5) | 189.56, | | ≥2500 | 40 (31.5) | 245 (96.5) |
|
|
Key: DM, diabetes mellitus; HTN, hypertension; HIV, human immune virus; UTI, urinary tract infection; PROM, premature rupture of membrane; PTB, preterm birth; LBW, low birth weight; SGA, small for gestational age; ANC, antenatal care; NTD, neural tube defects.
|
