Individual- and Community-Level Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey

Table 1

Prevalence of childhood diarrhea by background characteristics in Ethiopia, 2016.

Background characteristic	Total number of children		Diarrheal disease status
	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Individual-level factors
Sex of child
Male	5,483	51.5	1,009	18.4
Female	5,158	48.5	806	15.6
Current age of child
0-1	4,054	38.1	624	15.4
2-3	3,856	36.2	438	11.4
4-5	2,731	25.7	753	27.6
Anemia level
Anemic	3,589	33.7	613	17.1
Not anemic	7,052	66.3	1,202	17.0
Birth order number
First order	2,167	20.4	399	18.4
2-4	4,661	43.8	779	16.7
Five and above	3,813	35.8	637	16.7
Types of birth
Single birth	10,363	97.4	1,733	16.7
Multiple birth	278	2.6	82	29.5
Place of delivery
Home	6,960	65.4	1,184	17.0
Health facility	3,681	34.6	631	17.1
Child vaccination
No	8,187	76.9	1,406	17.2
Yes	2,454	23.1	409	16.7
Size of child at birth
Larger than average	3,214	30.2	544	16.9
Average	4,419	41.5	649	14.7
Smaller than average	3,008	28.3	622	20.7
Duration of breastfeeding
Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding	5,814	54.6	950	16.3
Never breastfed	575	5.4	219	38.1
Still breastfeeding	4,252	40.0	646	15.2
Maternal age (years)
15-24	2,575	24.2	494	19.2
25-34	6,201	58.3	1,035	16.7
35-49	1,865	17.5	286	15.3
Highest educational level
No education	6,838	64.3	1,159	16.9
Primary	2,678	25.2	490	18.3
Secondary and above	1,125	10.6	166	14.8
Family size
Less than 4	3,007	28.3	632	21.0
Greater than four	7,634	71.7	1,183	15.5
Wealth index
Poor	5,775	54.3	995	17.2
Middle	1,466	13.8	260	17.7
Richer	3,400	32.0	560	16.5
Current marital status
Separated	738	6.9	145	19.6
Married	9,903	93.1	1,670	16.9
Mother’s occupation
No	7,683	72.2	1,279	16.6
Yes	2,958	27.8	536	18.1
Husband education level
No education	4,928	46.3	789	16.0
Primary	3,220	30.3	594	18.4
Secondary and above	2,493	23.4	432	17.3
Number of children
3 or less	5,435	51.1	1,056	19.4
4 and above	5,206	48.9	759	14.6
Toilet facility
Yes	5,711	53.7	942	16.5
No	4,930	46.3	873	17.7
Community-level factors
Place of residence
Urban	1,974	18.6	285	14.4
Rural	8,667	81.4	1,530	17.7
Region
Tigray	1,033	9.7	172	16.7
Afar	1,062	10.0	200	18.8
Amhara	977	9.2	178	18.2
Oromia	1,581	14.9	267	16.9
Somali	1,505	14.1	203	13.5
Benishangul-Gumuz	879	8.3	140	15.9
SNNPR	1,277	12.0	250	19.6
Gambela	714	6.7	144	20.2
Harari	605	5.7	107	17.7
Addis Ababa	461	4.3	53	11.5
Dire Dawa	547	5.1	101	18.5
Source of drinking water
Protected	3,133	29.4	495	15.8
Unprotected	7,508	70.6	1,320	17.6