Individual- and Community-Level Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
Table 2
Multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual- and community-level factors associated with childhood diarrhea in Ethiopia, 2016.
Model I AOR (95% CI)
Model II AOR (95% CI)
Model III AOR (95% CI)
Model IV AOR (95% CI)
Individual-level factors
Child characteristics
Sex of child
Male
1
1
Female
0.835 (0.749, 0.931)
0.835 (0.749, 0.931)
Current age of child
0-1
1
1
2-3
0.915 (0.765, 1.095)
0.901 (0.753, 1.078)
4-5
3.213 (2.610, 3.955)
3.166 (2.569, 3.900)
Birth order
First order
1
2-4
1.214 (1.030, 1.432)
1.211 (1.026, 1.429)
Five and above
2.238 (1.743, 2.874)
2.210 (1.721, 2.839)
Birth type
Single birth
1
1
Multiple birth
1.904 (1.410, 2.572)
1.871 (1.390, 2.527)
Size of child at birth
Larger than average
1
Average
0.870 (0.761, 0.994)
0.871 (0.761, 0.996)
Smaller than average
1.328 (1.154, 1.529)
1.303 (1.130, 1.504)
Duration of breastfeeding
Ever breastfed, not currently breastfeeding
1
1
Never breastfed
2.874 (2.350, 3.516)
2.914 (2.380, 3.567)
Still breastfeeding
1.189 (0.998, 1.417)
1.151 (0.965, 1.373)
Maternal age (years)
15-24
1
1
1
25-34
0.850 (0.726, 0.994)
0.872 (0.744, 1.022)
35-49
0.675 (0.537, 0.848)
0.690 (0.547, 0.871)
Mother educational level
No education
1
1
1
Primary
0.981 (0.847, 1.136)
0.987 (0.852, 1.145)
Secondary and above
0.715 (0.561, 0.913)
0.776 (0.604, 0.996)
Family size
Less than 4
1
1
1
Greater than four
0.787 (0.682, 0.909)
0.783 (0.678, 0.905)
Father education level
No education
1
1
Primary
0.574 (0.528, 0.623)
0.563 (0.502, 0.632)
Secondary and above
0.403 (0.363, 0.448)
0.394 (0.364, 0.427)
Community-level factors
Place of residence
Urban
1
1
Rural
1.321 (1.033, 1.689)
1.505 (1.233, 1.836)
Region
Tigray
1
1
Afar
1.195 (1.130, 1.902)
1.205 (0.924, 1.571)
Amhara
1.753 (1.370, 2.246)
1.493 (1.161, 1.921)
Oromia
1.212 (0.952, 1.543)
1.187 (0.928, 1.518)
Somali
1.339 (1.048, 1.709)
1.238 (0.965, 1.587)
Benishangul-Gumuz
1.363 (1.043, 1.782)
1.357 (1.031, 1.787)
SNNPR
1.443 (1.130, 1.844)
1.609 (1.251, 2.070)
Gambela
1.203 (0.911, 1.587)
1.432 (1.078, 1.902)
Harari
1.040 (0.768, 1.409)
1.086 (0.797, 1.480)
Addis Ababa
0.597 (0.418, 0.851)
0.737 (0.513, 1.059)
Dire Dawa
1.839 (1.358, 2.489)
1.722 (1.265, 2.342)
Source of drinking water
Protected
1
Unprotected
1.414 (1.170, 1.709)
1.289 (1.060, 1.567)
Toilet facility
Yes
1
1
No
1.454 (1.221, 1.371)
1.476 (1.239, 1.759)
1: reference category for categorical variable; : reference value < 0.0001.
