Research Article
Skin-to-Skin Care by Mother vs. Father for Preterm Neonatal Pain: A Randomized Control Trial (ENVIRON Trial)
Table 1
Comparison of PIPP scores by groups at various time points.
| | Variable | KMC by mother, , mean (SD) | KMC by father, , mean (SD) | value |
| | 0 minute | | GA | 0.67 (0.50) | 0.67 (0.50) | Not applicable | | BS | 2.29 (0.84) | 1.97 (1.07) | | HR | 0.05 (0.21) | 0.02 (0.13) | | OS | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | | BB | 0.13 (0.33) | 0.20 (0.41) | | ES | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.09 (0.29) | | NF | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.06 (0.24) | | PIPP | 3.20 (1.12) | 3.02 (1.29) | | 1 minute | | GA | 0.67 (0.51) | 0.67 (0.51) | >0.999 | | BS | 2.05 (0.70) | 1.81 (0.77) | 0.08 | | HR | 1.23 (0.53) | 1.14 (0.66) | 0.38 | | OS | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.31) | 0.44 | | BB | 1.53 (1.21) | 1.53 (1.14) | >0.999 | | ES | 1.47 (1.26) | 1.52 (1.15) | 0.83 | | NF | 1.48 (1.26) | 1.48 (1.15) | >0.999 | | PIPP | 8.59 (4.27) | 8.27 (4.08) | 0.66 | | 5 minutes | | GA | 0.67 (0.51) | 0.67 (0.51) | >0.999 | | BS | 2.28 (0.79) | 2.09 (0.87) | 0.20 | | HR | 0.28 (0.45) | 0.34 (0.60) | 0.51 | | OS | 0 (0) | 0.03 (0.25) | 0.32 | | BB | 0.28 (0.58) | 0.38 (0.58) | 0.36 | | ES | 0.14 (0.47) | 0.20 (0.51) | 0.47 | | NF | 0.14 (0.47) | 0.22 (0.52) | 0.37 | | PIPP | 3.80 (1.40) | 3.94 (1.99) | 0.65 |
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PIPP: premature infant pain profile; GA: gestational age; BS: behavioral state; HR: heart rate; OS: oxygen saturation; BB: brow bulge; ES: eye squeeze; NF: nasolabial fold.
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