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| | Human β-defensins | Cathelicidin (LL-37) | Calprotectin | Adrenomedullin |
| hBD-1 | hBD-2 | hBD-3 |
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| Genes | DEFB1 on chromosome 8 | EFB4 on chromosome 8 | DEFB103 on chromosome 8 | CAMP gene on chromosome 3 | Dimer of two peptides MRP8 and MRP14 encoded by genes S100A8 and S100A9, respectively, on chromosome 1 | Adrenomedullin (ADM) gene located on chromosome 11 |
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| Number of amino acids | 36–47 | 41 | 45 | 37 | MRP8: 93
MRP14: 114 | 52 |
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| Secondary structure |
Antiparallel β-pleated sheet stabilization via three intramolecular disulphide bonds formed between six cysteine amino acids | Random coil in aqueous solutions with intramolecular hydrogen bonding forms a α-helix secondary structure | Noncovalently complexed heterodimer of MRP8 and MRP14. Each monomer has helix-loop-helix calcium ion binding domain, EF hands, and a hinge region | Amino acid chain with a single disulphide bridge between residues 16 and 21 |
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| Expression in oral cavity |
Oral mucosa, gingiva, and tongue epithelium along with salivary glands | Orogranulocytes, inflamed gingival tissues, buccal mucosa, and tongue epithelium | Oral epithelium, sulcular epithelium, and immune cells | Oral epithelium along with salivary gland epithelium and immune cells |
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| Mechanism of antimicrobial action |
Upon interaction with anion lipids of bacterial cell membrane leads to formation of multimeric pores and permeation of the membrane | Overlaps bacterial cell membrane in a carpet-like manner and dissolves it similar to detergent | Binds with trace metal ions essential for microbial functioning, thus inhibiting microbial growth | Promotes intramembranous pore formation in bacterial cell membrane |
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| Antimicrobial spectra |
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi | Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including many periopathogens | Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including periopathogen P. gingivalis. Antifungal and antiviral activity | Acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of oral cavity, lacking antifungal activity, antiviral activity unknown |
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