Alginate Biosynthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms in Connection with the Oxygen Availability

Figure 3

Schematic representation of the alginate biosynthetic steps in Azotobacter vinelandii, from evidence-based protein-protein interaction in P. aeruginosa [28, 42, 43]. The biosynthetic alginate pathway is represented as two complementary stages: on the left, the synthesis of the substrate precursor (GDP-mannuronic acid) and its following polymerization, including transfer from cytoplasm; on the right, the modification (periplasmic and extracellular) of the nascent polymer, as well as the export through the outer membrane of the polymer.