Influence of Membrane Materials and Operational Modes on the Performance of Ultrafiltration Modules for Drinking Water Treatment

Table 1

Membranes characteristics and operation parameters of the UF modules.

Items	Module A	Module B	Module C
Membrane material	PES	PVDF	PAN
Operation mode	Inside-out	Outside-in	Outside-in
Filtration mode	Dead-end	Dead-end	Dead-end
Membrane effective area, m^2	55	77	45
Average pore size, nm	20	30	50
Contact angle	44	66	52
Restorative flush mode	BW + FF	Air + BW + FF	Air + BW
Filtration duration, min	40	30	30
Designed permeate flux, LMH	60~120	50~80	44~66
Feed pressure, MPa	0.1~0.3	<0.6	<0.15
TMP, MPa	0.01~0.10	<0.15	<0.08
Chemical of CEB	HCl/(NaClO + NaOH)	NaClO + NaOH	NaClO + NaOH
Frequency of CEB, h	24	24	24

Air: air washing; FF: forward flushing; BW: backwashing
Dead-end: all of the feed solution (100%) passes through the filter medium without concentrated water discharge.