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Cellulose forms | Other materials | Preparation method | Compound mechanics | Product advantages | Refs |
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BC | Gelatin | Immersion | Double-network structures | Mechanical strength and hydrophilic property | [18] |
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CNC | CS | Solution reaction | Polymer grafting | High drug loading | [19] |
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CNC | Fibrin | Solution reaction | Molecular interaction | Reinforcement | [20] |
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CNC | Xylans | Spin-assisted electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly | Structural color | Detection of xylanase activity | [21] |
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Ethyl cellulose | Poly(e-caprolactone), rhodamine B, and folate acid | Three chemical reactions’ process | Functional molecules bonded on comb copolymer | Fluorescent and targeting functionality | [22] |
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Electrospun CA nanofibers | Isothiocyanate, folate acid, and poly(amidoamine) | Complicated chemical and physical processes | Multifunctional dendrimer-modified electrospun CA nanofibers | Targeted cancer cell capture | [7] |
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CNC | Poly(propylene imine), FA and others | Five chemical reactions’ process | Dendrimer-grafted CNC | High drug load and more sustainable drug release functionality | [23] |
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Cellulose solution | Phosphor, epichlorohydrin | Physically blended in aqueous solutions | Physically supported by cellulose | Safety, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and being inexpensive | [24] |
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NFC | Laccase (Lac)/polyaniline/CMC | Complicated processes including electrospinning | In situ polymerization of aniline | Detection limit of 0.374 μM | [25] |
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Cellulose solution | Polyaniline | Solvent casting and interfacial polymerization | Physically supported by cellulose | Micro-nanostructure | [26] |
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CA membrane | Amino-propyl-triethoxysilane, sericin, glutaraldehyde | Two steps of surface chemistry | Covalent immobilization onto CA | Safety, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and being inexpensive | [27] |
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CNC | Silk fibroin, CS | LbL assembly | Hierarchical lamellar structure | Excellent mechanical properties and biological compatibility | [28] |
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CNC | Poly(vinyl acetate) | Five chemical reactions and final solvent cast process | Graft polymer onto CNC by SI-RAFT/MADIX polymerization | High transparency and improved mechanical properties | [29] |
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CNC | 2-Ureido-41H-pyrimidone, acrylamide, gelatin methacrylate | Four chemical reactions | Grafted polymer onto CNC and emulsion polymerization | Excellent solid stabilizers, elastic macroporous composite hydrogels | [30] |
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Chromatography paper | Lipid | Deposit, evaporate, incubate, and extract | Macromolecular self-assembly | Macroporous media | [8] |
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CMC | Sodium benzoate, glutaraldehyde | Solvent molding process and evaporation method | Photo-cross-linking and chemical cross-linking | High surface hydrophobicity, water barrier, and mechanical properties | [31] |
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CNC | Alginate | Solvent casting | Ca2+ cross-linked | High porosity and tensile strength | [32] |
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NFC | Kymene | Mechanical defibrillation and spray-freeze-drying | Physical molding and chemical cross-linking | Highly lightweight (0.0018 g cm−3) | [33] |
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NFC | Titania | Three solution reactions | Solution and regeneration, cross-linking | Long-term drug release | [34] |
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MFC | Starch, glycerol | Solvent casting | Mechanical defibrillation and physical blend | Low water vapor permeability and high tensile strength | [35] |
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NFC and BC | CS | Solvent casting | Ammonium persulfate oxidation, nanoscale reinforcement | High mechanical and biological properties | [36] |
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MFC | Calcium peroxide, catalase | LbL assembly | Physically supported by cellulose | Modulation of the releases of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or oxygen (O2) | [37] |
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MCC | SrF2 | Microwave-assisted reaction | Physically supported by cellulose | Enhancing the strength of the papers | [38] |
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Methyl cellulose, HEC, and HPMC | Steroid diosgenin | Solution reaction | Covalently linked on cellulose and self-assembling in water | Controlled release of agrochemicals | [39] |
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