Agricultural and Forest Residues towards Renewable Chemicals and Materials Using Microwave Liquefaction

Table 1

Liquefaction yield of varied solvents from different raw materials.

Feedstock	Solvent			Liquefaction rate (%)	Ref.
Poplar sawdust	Simple glycols		Ethylene glycol	85	[20]
			Propylene glycol	99
	Higher analogues with glycols		Diethylene glycol	63
			Dipropylene glycol	62
			Polyethylene glycol	69
Wheat straw alkali lignin			Butanol	10-12.5	[31]
			Alcohol	12.5-15
			Glycerol	About17.5
			Propanol	About 20
			Glycol	20-22.5
			Methanol	25-27.5
Ethanol organosolv lignin (from bamboo culms)			Methanol	84.86	[54]
			Ethanol	84.22
			Butanol	49.3
			Ethanediol	38
			Isopropanol	27
Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)			Glycerol	96.71	[56]
			PEG400#	74.1
			Methanol	36.47
			Ethanol	24.97
			Water	17.74
Corn stover			Ethylene glycol (EG)	92.47	[38]
			PEG400/glycerin (4 : 1)	92.42
			Glycerin	72.89
Pine (Pinus sp.) tree sawdust	Concentration of solvents	Concentration of methanol (%)	0	48.5	[55]
			25	55.4
			50	62.7
			100	76.3
Peony seeds			Petroleum ether	23.8	[16]
			Hexane	24.0
			Hexane+ethanol	24.4
Fir sawdust		The mass ratio of PEG400/glycerol	0.5	About 82	[46]
			4.0	90.5
Wood underbrush		Glycerol to EG ratio	1.0	79.3	[47]
			2.0	88.1
			5.0	84.4