International Journal of Polymer Science

Review Article

Agricultural and Forest Residues towards Renewable Chemicals and Materials Using Microwave Liquefaction

Table 2

Main compositions of bio-oil from microwave liquefaction.
FeedstockParticle sizeMicrowave power (W)Temperature (°C)Time (min)SolventCatalystMain compositionsArea (%)Yield of bio-oil (%)Ref.
Peony20 mesh80.9280.923.72Hexane+ethanolPalmitic acid 34.49[16]
Stearic acid 
Oleic acid 
Linoleic acid 
Linolenic acid 
Cotton stalk60 mesh50015030Ethylene glycolHZSM-5Benzonitrile2.30[23]
1-Propanone5.86
Thiomorpholine1.89
Cyclohexaneethanol1.01
8-Heptadecene2.10
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester1.82
2-(Prop-2-enoyloxy) tridecane2.93
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl3.37
Oleic acid33.07
1-Hexyl-1-nitrocyclohexane6.13
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester14.05
1-Cyano-4-(5-hexenyl)benzene6.14
E-2-Octadecadecen-1-ol3.33
Pentadec-7-ene, 7-bromomethyl-3.22
2-(3-Hydroxybutyl)cyclooctanone1.65
S. polycystum C. Agardh60 mesh40017015Ethylene glycolH2SO4Diethylene glycol44.9487.70[28]
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester5.40
Methyl oleate22.20
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester6.99
Squalene1.35
Ulva prolifera60 mesh60016530Ethylene glycolH2SO4Diethylene glycol38.5193.17[30]
Phthalic acid, dipropyl ester0.94
Phthalic acid, ethyl pentyl ester0.90
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester5.80
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester27.50
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester5.81
9,15-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester0.54
Eicosanoic acid, methyl ester0.78
Phthalic acid, 2-ethylhexyl isohexyl ester7.96
2,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaene0.71
Wheat straw alkali lignin38 μm3001605MethanolFerric sulfateVanillin11.2355.22[31]
Acetovanillone5.79
Vanillic acid3.76
Coniferyl alcohol2.38
2,6-Dimethoxyphenol2.03
Syringaldehyde13.38
4-Allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol5.14
Acetosyringone29.22
4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzohydrazide2.63
Syringic acid5.32
4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone8.37
2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran5.27
Desaspidinol2.45
Ulva prolifera60018030Ethylene glycolH2SO4Benzenecarboxylic acid4.3284.81[51]
Diethyl phthalate1.96
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester0.94
Tridecanoic acid13.32
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester2.03
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid42.58
(R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol1.21
Cyclopropaneoctanal0.52
Ulva prolifera60 mesh15030Ethylene glycol8% Fe/HY5,6-Epoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-heptyne2.87[65]
2-Butanol, 3-methyl-, (S)-0.76
Butanedinitrile0.69
Thiomorpholine1.05
Benzaldehyde, oxime, (Z)-3.96
Hydrazinecarboxamide, 2-(phenylmethylene)-1.09
1,1-Cyclohexanedimethanol1.16
2-Amino-5-methylbenzoic acid4.42
Benzene, [2-(1-propoxyethoxy)ethyl]-3.34
Ethanone, 1-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2.17
1-Diethoxymethyladamantane3.00
1-Methoxy-1,4-cyclohexadiene0.50
Benzonitrile6.59
Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester1.07
1-Propene, 2-chloro-2.04
Hexahydroindole1.36
cis-1,4-Dimethyl-2-methylenecyclohexane0.71
3-Nitrostyrene1.03
1,2-Dihexylcyclopropene2.10
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester3.05
1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester1.54
6,7-Dimethyl-triazolo(3,4-c)(1,2,4)-triazine0.56
Cyclooctyl alcohol0.98
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester9.25
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester16.62
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester1.71
Hexanoic acid, hexadecyl ester14.31
3-Methyl-2,5-oxazolidine-dione0.87
Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-3-nitro-0.60
9(10H)-Acridinone, 1-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxy-10-methyl-2.83
2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol1.47
Rape straw20-40 mesh70014015MethanolH2SO4Furan1.16[67]
3-Acetoxy-3-hydroxypropionic acid, methyl ester3.02
5-Amino-3H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbo1.03
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester1.13
Citric acid, trimethyl ester1.92
α-D-Ribopyranoside, methyl24.84
2H-Pyran-3,4,5-triol, tetrahydro-2-methoxy-6-methyl-3.41
α-D-Lyxofuranoside, methyl1.55
α-D-Ribopyranoside, methyl9.77
Methyl(methyl4-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside)uronate7.44
Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-, hydrazide1.00
Methyl(methyl4-O-methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside)uronate2.04
3-Methylmannoside6.69
α-D-Galactopyranosiduronic acid, methyl, methyl ester3.84
α-D-Galactopyranoside, methyl2.31
Lignin residue from black liquor60012030IsopropanolVanillin 45.35[70]
Acetovanillone 
Homovanillic acid 
Syringaldehyde 
Acetosyringone 
Corn straw60 mesh60018022PhenolH2SO42,6-Dimethoxyphenol [92]
Phenol 
p-Hexaphenol 
2-Methoxyphenol 
2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 
4-Allyl-2,6-methoxyphenol 
2,4-Dimethylphenol 
o-Methoxyphenol 
Nannochloropsis oceanica6030ChloroformH2SO49-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (C16:1)34.51[93]
Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C16:0)15.46
9-Hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-(C16:1)1.24
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (C18:2)3.17
9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (C18:1)3.95
Phytol2.48
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester (C20:5)20.12
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (C20:4)-4.00
7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (C20:3)1.01
Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether1.23
1,2,3,4-Cyclopentanetetrol0.40
2(3H)-Furanone, 5-heptyldihydro0.39
Methyl Z-11-tetradecenoate (C14:1)0.41
Methyl tetradecanoate0.55
9-Hexadecenoic acid0.78
n-Hexadecanoic acid0.48
1,3,12-Nonadecatriene0.39
Eicosen-1-ol, cis-9-0.59
Ethanol,2-(9-octadecenyloxy)-,(Z)-0.71
(Z)-14-Tricosenyl formate0.55
HY (Si/Al ratio 5.0). The stands for the weight ratios of the Fe(NO3)3·9H2O to the parent HY catalyst.