Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties and Characterization of Natural Fiber Composites Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid): Miswak (Salvadora Persica L.) Fibers

Table 11

Characteristic of PLA based material by using injection molding.

Material	Approach	Application	Fabrication	Characteristics	Ref
PLA/sisal fiber	Reinforcement fiber	Bio composites material	Direct- injection molding	✓ High tensile modulus; ✓ High flexural modulus; ✓ Better impact properties	[126]
PLA/nucleating agents (LAK, talc, calcium carbonate)	Nucleating agents	Commercial application	Extrusion and injection molding	✓ Improving heat deflection; ✓ Temperature with crystallinity; ✓ Percentage above 50%.; ✓ Increase flexural modulus; ✓ Lower impact resistance	[127]
PLA/nucleating agents (talc, ethylenebis-stearamide (EBS))	Nucleating agents		Extrusion and injection molding	✓ Improve strength and modulus; ✓ Increase heat distortion temperature; ✓ Decreased processing time increase crystallinity level	[121]
PLA-based bone screws	Reinforcement nanoparticles	Biomedical application	Injection molding	✓ High loads resistance; ✓ Increase shrinkage with melt temperature increase; ✓ Increase warpage with packing time decrease	[128]
PLA/TPU	Hybrid polymer		Extrusion and injection molding	✓ Large range of mechanical properties; ✓ Improve microstructure; ✓ Improve surface roughness	[129]
PLA/hydroxyapatite (HA)	Surface modification of HA	Good load bearing applications	Extrusion and injection molding	✓ Improved thermal properties; ✓ Improved tensile and impact properties; ✓ Reduction damping factor	[130]
PLA/jute	Reinforcement fiber	Fully environmentally friendly material (FEFM)	Pultrusion process and injection molding	✓ Increase deflection temperature under load; ✓ Increase tensile modulus; ✓ Increase Izod strength	[131]