Numerical Investigation of Fluid Flow and Performance Prediction in a Fluid Coupling Using Large Eddy Simulation

Table 1

The equations of the six SGS models.

SGS models	Equations	Note
SL [13, 14]		is the mixing length for subgrid scales; is the von Kármán constant; is the distance to the closest wall; is the Smagorinsky constant, 0.1; is the local grid scale.
DSL [15, 16]		The new filter width is equal to two times the grid filter width ; is the SGS stress tensor with ; is the added value of SGS stress tensor with two times consecutive filtering compared to the filtering only with .
WALE [14, 16–18]	,	.
WMLES [19, 20]		is the wall distance; is the strain rate; , , and are constants; is the normal to the wall inner scaling. is the maximum edge length for a rectilinear hexahedral cell; is the wall-normal grid spacing.
WMLES
KET [14, 21]		is model coefficient; is the subgrid-scale kinetic energy. is the subgrid-scale eddy viscosity; is the filter size computed from . is 1.0.