|
Author(s), year,
country | Design and method population and sample | Purpose | Quality appraisal (scale: h = high; l = low; nr = not reported) |
|
| Adatara et al., 2019 [10], Northern Ghana | A qualitative explorative design
Ten (10) out of a total of twenty-seven (27) practicing traditional birth attendants in the study area were purposefully selected from five (5) rural communities in the Bongo District of Ghana for the study. Data were collected through in-depth, unstructured, and individual interviews using a guide. | To explore and describe the role of traditional birth attendants in maternal health care in the rural areas in Ghana | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Aziato and Omenyo, 2018 [4], Ghana | Exploratory qualitative design
In the purposive sampling technique, both males and females were recruited. To be included in the study, TBAs should have practiced for two years | To gain an in-depth understanding of the initiation of TBAs and their traditional and spiritual practices employed during pregnancy and childbirth in Ghana. | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Benyshek et al., 2018 [11] | Comparison study
Data come from the MANA Stats dataset, birth years 2016–2018
This dataset contains complete course of care information for birthing people who planned community births with midwives who participate in the MANA Stats data collection project | To characterize the practice of placentophagy and its attendant neonatal outcomes among a large sample of women in the United States. | (l) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Bosco and Diaz, 2018 [12] | Review article | To scientifically document the healthcare team about the risks of placentophagy | (l) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(nr) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(l) Implications discussed |
|
| Botelle and Willot, 2020 [13], United Kingdom | Qualitative
1752 posts from 956 users across 85 threads from the parenting forums Mumsnet and Netmums were included. A thematic discourse analysis was performed using NVivo. | To explore the discourse produced on two UK Internet forums regarding the practice of placentophagia and how opinions are expressed, discussed, debated, and created through forum participation. | (l) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Burns, 2014 [5], Australia | Quantitative explorative
58 Australian home-birthing women, doulas, and independent midwives recruited via web-based forums
43 participants who had recently birthed at home with an independent midwife or were pregnant at the time of the interview and were planning a home birth with an independent midwife | To analyse an alternative childbirth discourse rooted in spirituality, ritual, and sacralisation of space | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(l) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(l) Implications discussed |
|
| Chikato and Joseph, 2017 [14], Benin | Commentary article | To draw attention to or present critique on previously published articles | (nr)Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(nr) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(nr) Implications discussed |
|
| Cohen, 2020 [15] | Analytic article | To provide a comprehensive legal analysis of the various uses and modes of consumption of placentas today | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(l) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Corbett et al., 2017 [16], Vietnam | Qualitative study
A convenience sample of 8 Hmong women who had recently given birth were interviewed regarding the perinatal experience. | The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the meaning of childbirth among Hmong women living in Vietnam | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Fadare et al., 2021 [7], Nigeria | Qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory research
Semistructured interviews working in the two facilities
22 postpartum mothers and 3 midwives
Purposive sampling technique | To assess the perceptions of midwives and mothers on postpartum placenta rituals at selected health centers in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(h) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented.
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Farr et al., 2017 [15] | Review paper | | (nr)Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(nr) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Johnson et al., 2018 [1] | Review paper | To evaluate the ingestion of processed placenta as a puerperal remedy, the potential risks (trace elements, microorganisms) and possible benefit (hormones in the placental tissue) of such a practice | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Knapp van Bogaert and Ogunbanjo, 2013 [18], South Africa | Ethical and legal review | To discuss legal and ethical considerations regarding postbirth rituals and their relevance to the South African Human Tissue Act | (nr) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(nr) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Mainah et al., 2021 [19], Somalia | Explorative, qualitative study
2 married men, 3 TBAs, 2 pregnant mothers, and 2 safe mothers/community midwives.
Purposive sampling | To establish the religion-cultural drivers behind placenta disposal; how and where they dispose the placenta and its significance, the manner in which placenta is disposed for the mother, baby, and community at large | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Mota-Rojas et al., 2020 [20] | Review article | The paper is aimed at describing the causes and effects of placentophagia, the endocrine aspects involved, nutritional or analgesic benefits, and the adverse effects that have been published in humans and nonhuman mammals. | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(nr) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(l) Implications discussed |
|
| Ohaja and Anyim, 2021 [6], Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, and Mali | This paper is drawing on empirical literature and relevant commentaries | The aim of this paper is to discuss selected rituals and embodied practices surrounding the start of life (pregnancy, birth, and early motherhood). | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Oyama, 2016 [21], South Africa | Qualitative study
Zulu, Black South Africans who were 18 years of age or older from Masxha, KZN
Semistructured interviews
Purposeful sampling | To gain an understanding of the changes in attitudes towards practicing Zulu rituals during a woman’s pregnancy, labor, birth, and postpartum period | (l) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(nr) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(l) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Reed et al., 2019 [2], Australia | A qualitative interpretive approach that was underpinned by a feminist framework
11 women who had expectant management, eight who had active management, and one who was unsure. Semistructured in-depth interviews
Purposive sampling | To explore women’s experiences of birthing their placenta and, therefore, makes an important contribution to the body of knowledge | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(h) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Rono et al., 2018 [3], Kenya | A descriptive cross-sectional design of qualitative and quantitative methods
186 mothers, selected using multistage cluster sampling, were interviewed: mothers below 20 years of age, another with mothers above 45 years of age, and the third one with married men
Purposive sampling | To obtain in part the sociocultural factors that influence the choice of women’s birthing site among the Marakwet community of Kenya | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(nr) Limitations presented
(l) Implications discussed |
|
| Selander et al., 2013 [8], USA | Quantitative study
Internet-based survey on 189 women with an average age of 31 years | To identify a demographic profile of women who have engaged in placentophagia and to evaluate their self-reported motivations for and experiences with the practice | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
|
| Sharma et al., 2016 [22], Nepal | A qualitative study
Five in-depth face-to-face interviews and 14 focus group discussions with mainly women, but also men and health service providers
Purposive sampling | To explore social and cultural practices that have health implications in the childbirth and postnatal periods of rural Nepali women | (h) Aims and objectives clearly stated
(h) Study design adequately described
(h) Research methods appropriate
(nr) Explicit theoretical framework
(h) Limitations presented
(h) Implications discussed |
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