<i>Objective</i>. Hormones play a vital role in initiating and maintaining male reproductive function. The present study explores the influence and predictive ability of two reproductive hormones on semen quality among men who were partners in an infertile couple. <i>Design</i>. During our cross sectional study, men were recruited from private and public hospital and laboratories for clinical evaluation of fertility status. <i>Methods</i>. Fresh semen samples were assessed for quality (concentration, motility and morphology) according to the 2010 World Health Organization manual and the serum levels of hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Inhibin B was measured (ELISA). <i>Results</i>. We found a significant difference in the two groups regarding sperm concentration (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M1" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 57.0529 11.7782" width="57.0529pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.529,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g></svg>),</span> total sperm count (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M2" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 57.0529 11.7782" width="57.0529pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.529,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>),</span> progressive motility (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M3" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 57.0529 11.7782" width="57.0529pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.529,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>),</span> vitality (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M4" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 57.0529 11.7782" width="57.0529pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.529,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>)</span> and the percentage of normal forms (<span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M5" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 50.7895 11.7782" width="50.7895pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g></svg>).</span> We found a strong and negative correlation between FSH and Inhibin B in the overall population, the normozoospermic reference group and the case group. Our study confirmed that Inhibin B was significantly and positively correlated with sperm concentration and leucocytes, and that FSH was negatively correlated to sperm concentration and vitality. <i>Conclusion</i>. Consistent with other studies, our results show strong association between semen quality and FSH and Inhibin B.

Tchoula Mamiafo Corinne

Pieme Constant Anatole

Ngogang Yonkeu Jeanne

Comparison of Serum Inhibin B and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Level between Normal and Infertile Men in Yaound&#x00E9;

<i>Introduction</i>. Neonatal mortality contributes a higher percentage of infant mortality, especially in developing countries including Ethiopia where the rate of institutional delivery is low. In Ethiopia, scientific evidences on the level of community-based essential newborn care practice were scanty and inconclusive. <i>Objectives</i>. The aim of the study was to assess community-based essential newborn care practices and associated factors among women who have <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42.241pt" style="vertical-align:-0.6369991pt" id="M1" height="9.9449pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 42.241 9.9449"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-106" d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.484,0)"><path id="g190-111" d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.595,0)"><path id="g190-103" d="M54 437L27 408L31 397H101V103C101 37 94 32 30 26V0H266V25C187 33 180 36 180 110V397H288C299 404 304 428 298 437H180V477C179 562 190 610 203 630C214 647 230 659 256 659C289 659 318 641 337 622C346 612 355 612 364 619C374 627 380 635 383 643C388 655 387 667 378 678C362 697 333 710 299 712C260 707 225 689 189 659C135 613 119 563 112 541S101 490 101 458V437H54Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.443,0)"><path id="g190-98" d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.033,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.896,0)"><path id="g190-117" d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.61,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12.655pt" style="vertical-align:-0.6369991pt" height="9.9449pt" version="1.1" viewBox="45.8221838 -9.3079 12.655 9.9449"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.872,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.112,0)"><path id="g113-51" d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z"/></g></svg></span> months. <i>Methods</i>. A community-based cross-sectional study was employed among 634 randomly selected women who have <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="42.241pt" style="vertical-align:-0.6369991pt" id="M2" height="9.9449pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 42.241 9.9449"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-106"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,3.484,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,10.595,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-103"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.443,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-98"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.033,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-111"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.896,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-117"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.61,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12.655pt" style="vertical-align:-0.6369991pt" height="9.9449pt" version="1.1" viewBox="45.8221838 -9.3079 12.655 9.9449"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,45.872,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,52.112,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g></svg></span> months from June 23, 2017, to August 29, 2017, at Enderta district. Data was collected by a face-to-face interview through structured questionnaires, and it was coded, entered, and cleaned using EpiData version 3.1. Then, the data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Odds ratios and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M3" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-113" d="M570 304C570 398 525 448 414 448C385 448 343 445 312 434L329 511L321 518C297 504 262 482 244 460L233 411C195 397 159 381 128 358L135 332C160 347 189 360 224 373L111 -147C97 -210 84 -218 17 -231L13 -257L254 -247L259 -218L233 -216C183 -212 177 -202 189 -142L218 -1C238 -10 266 -12 283 -12C351 3 429 48 483 105C543 168 570 242 570 304ZM482 289C482 161 380 33 304 33C278 33 248 51 233 69L303 396C326 400 352 403 369 403C428 403 482 380 482 289Z"/></g></svg> value were computed to know the association between the independent variables with the dependent variable. Finally, a variable at <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.42943pt" id="M4" height="10.2124pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -6.78297 7.83752 10.2124" width="7.83752pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g></svg> values of <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18.973pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" id="M5" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-91"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21.921pt" style="vertical-align:-3.42938pt" height="11.7782pt" version="1.1" viewBox="22.555183800000002 -8.34882 21.921 11.7782"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg></span> was considered statistically significant with the outcome variable. <i>Result</i>. The overall community-based essential newborn care practice was found 40.7%. Educational status (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M6" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-66" d="M673 0V28C608 34 594 43 563 129C499 303 432 494 370 665L339 656L132 132C98 43 84 37 20 28V0H238V28C162 35 154 45 175 108C188 150 203 192 219 237H432C454 176 474 122 487 83S491 36 428 28V0H673ZM418 280H234C265 362 296 450 328 535H330L418 280Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><path id="g190-80" d="M381 665C170 665 44 498 44 318C44 125 188 -15 369 -15C552 -15 703 117 703 333C703 534 550 665 381 665ZM359 629C491 629 601 517 601 306C601 114 502 21 390 21C249 21 146 158 146 346S248 629 359 629Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><path id="g190-83" d="M631 18C609 24 585 35 559 65C534 91 514 117 478 169C448 214 406 281 389 313C462 346 516 399 516 485C516 545 490 590 449 616C412 641 363 650 290 650H42V622C120 615 128 612 128 527V125C128 40 120 34 38 28V0H300V28C221 34 212 40 212 125V284H244C295 284 312 272 329 244C359 195 395 133 430 84C475 19 516 -3 592 -7C603 -8 615 -8 627 -8L631 18ZM212 316V563C212 591 215 602 223 607C231 613 248 617 277 617C352 617 423 577 423 469C423 415 407 375 368 345C343 324 310 316 260 316H212Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.52,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.484,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI, 2.49-11.97), previous ANC follow-up (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M7" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI, 1.2-3.80), weight of the child during birth (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M8" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><path id="g113-52" d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI, 1.12-2.98), and place of delivery (<span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="37.647pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" id="M9" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 37.647 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-66"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.618,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-80"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.211,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-83"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,30.016,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><span class="nowrap"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15.63pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2324905pt" height="8.98583pt" version="1.1" viewBox="41.2291838 -8.75334 15.63 8.98583"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,41.279,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-51"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,47.519,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.483,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-50"/></g></svg>,</span></span> 95% CI, 1.50-4.63) were found to be significantly associated with community-based essential newborn care. Even though overall newborn practice was found to be good, the cord care practices were found to be poor that indicated there is a need to rise community awareness.

Gebrehiwot Gebremariam Weldeargeawi

Zenawi Negash

Alemayehu Bayray Kahsay

Yemane Gebremariam

Kidanemaryam Berhe Tekola

Community-Based Essential Newborn Care Practices and Associated Factors among Women of Enderta, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018

<i>Background</i>. Postpartum contraceptive use is defined as the avoidance of short spaced pregnancies and unintended pregnancy through the first 12 months after delivery. In Ethiopia, different studies have been conducted to assess the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use and associated factors. The findings of these studies were inconsistent and characterized by great variability. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use and determinants in Ethiopia using the accessible studies. <i>Methods</i>. The articles were identified through electronic search of reputable databases (MEDLINE through PubMed, EMBASE, HINARI, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library) and the hand search of reference listed in previous prevalence studies to retrieve more. 18 articles are included based on a comprehensive list of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two authors independently extracted all necessary data using a standardized data extraction format. STATA 14 statistical software was used to analyze the data. The Cochrane <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.150701pt" id="M1" height="10.7866pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.52083 10.7866" width="9.52083pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-82" d="M699 368C699 549 574 666 407 666C186 666 23 488 23 277C23 113 129 -3 288 -13L307 -26C431 -111 501 -139 533 -147C559 -154 613 -163 658 -164L666 -141C597 -111 507 -66 430 -11L416 -1C580 42 699 190 699 368ZM601 371C601 227 518 54 381 22L354 40L278 24C175 47 120 145 120 269C120 451 235 631 398 631C540 631 601 521 601 371Z"/></g></svg> and <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.04979992pt" id="M2" height="11.6412pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 10.6309 11.6412" width="10.6309pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-74" d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,5.567,-5.741)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g></svg> test were used to assess the heterogeneity between the studies. A random effects model was calculated to estimate the pooled prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use. Moreover, the determinants for family planning use were reviewed. <i>Results</i>. The pooled prevalence of family planning use among mothers during the postpartum period in Ethiopia was 48.11% (95% CI: 36.96, 59.27). Besides, subgroup analysis revealed that the highest family planning use prevalence among postpartum mothers was observed in Addis Ababa, 65.41 (95% CI: 48.71, 82.11). Resumed sexual activity: 7.91 (95% CI: 4.62, 13.55), antenatal care: 4.98 (95% CI: 2.34, 10.21), secondary school and above level of maternal education: 3.53 (95% CI: 1.67, 7.45), postnatal care: 3.16 (95% CI: 1.7, 5.88), menses resumption: 3.12 (95% CI: 1.52, 6.39), and ≥6 months of postpartum period: 2.78 (95% CI: 1.97, 3.93) have shown a positive association with the use of family planning among mothers in the postpartum epoch. <i>Conclusions</i>. In this study, family planning use among mothers of the postpartum period in Ethiopia was significantly low compared to the existing global commendation on postpartum contraceptive use. Resumed sexual activity, antenatal care, secondary and above level of maternal education, postnatal care, menses resumption, and <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="109.151pt" style="vertical-align:-3.1685pt" id="M3" height="12.4764pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.3079 109.151 12.4764"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-113" d="M169 380V459C122 440 66 423 24 416V392C86 384 90 382 90 317V-135C90 -201 81 -207 17 -213V-240H253V-213C176 -207 169 -201 169 -125V6C182 -1 208 -11 238 -12C368 12 487 109 487 260C487 358 421 449 310 449C298 449 279 444 261 433L169 380ZM169 346C196 367 237 389 269 389C341 389 403 329 403 221C403 109 347 37 263 37C228 37 191 53 169 76V346Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.929,0)"><path id="g190-112" d="M257 449C165 449 37 374 37 209C37 98 119 -12 256 -12C355 -12 473 65 473 226C473 349 381 449 257 449ZM244 416C333 416 380 320 380 204C380 67 329 21 267 21C184 21 130 115 130 241C130 354 184 416 244 416Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,13.56,0)"><path id="g190-116" d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,18.265,0)"><path id="g190-117" d="M298 36L289 62C276 55 253 45 228 45C202 45 169 60 169 141V397H276C289 405 292 426 282 437H169V574L155 576L90 509V437H45L17 408L21 397H90V107C90 28 125 -12 188 -12C198 -12 213 -8 230 1L298 36Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.1,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.977,0)"><path id="g190-98" d="M433 39L423 65C413 59 399 54 387 54C370 54 352 69 352 114V299C352 352 342 392 307 422C285 440 255 449 225 449C168 437 102 399 75 379C56 365 44 353 44 339C44 315 69 296 87 296C101 296 111 303 116 319C124 349 133 371 145 385C156 397 171 404 190 404C241 404 275 364 275 291V274C253 256 180 229 120 209C65 190 39 159 39 110C39 47 88 -12 159 -12C189 -12 237 25 277 52C282 35 288 21 301 8C312 -3 333 -12 348 -12L433 39ZM275 84C256 65 221 48 195 48C164 48 124 73 124 124C124 161 146 180 185 198C206 208 254 229 275 240V84Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,34.566,0)"><path id="g190-115" d="M181 342V451C133 431 89 419 40 411V388C98 381 102 377 102 311V104C102 38 95 32 33 26V0H263V26C186 32 181 38 181 104V287C203 343 235 372 261 372C277 372 289 366 304 352C310 346 318 345 330 350C349 359 362 379 362 399C362 422 338 449 304 449C256 449 213 393 183 342H181Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,39.52,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-117"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,43.354,0)"><path id="g190-118" d="M518 50L491 51C452 54 444 60 444 110V444C429 441 405 437 377 434C348 430 314 427 287 426V403L323 397C356 392 365 386 365 333V99C331 66 293 51 257 51C212 51 169 75 169 164V299C169 366 169 413 172 444C156 441 128 437 101 433C75 430 50 427 29 426V403L57 397C82 391 90 386 90 333V137C90 29 147 -12 214 -12C241 -12 262 -4 291 13S342 48 365 65V-6L371 -12C390 -7 415 1 441 8C468 15 496 21 518 24V50Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,50.258,0)"><path id="g190-110" d="M797 0V26C739 32 732 36 732 103V296C732 394 682 449 605 449C576 449 550 437 529 423C504 407 475 389 446 366C425 418 382 449 334 449C303 449 279 437 253 421C222 403 201 385 180 371V452C135 432 85 419 41 411V388C99 379 102 374 102 310V103C102 38 93 32 27 26V0H238V26C189 32 180 38 180 103V338C210 363 250 390 289 390C351 390 377 348 377 275V103C377 37 368 32 306 26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,63.309,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-113"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,70.238,0)"><path id="g190-102" d="M380 106C343 72 306 56 265 56C195 56 116 112 115 248C235 252 361 262 377 265C396 269 400 277 400 297C400 374 333 449 250 449H249C198 449 144 421 103 376S37 269 37 201C37 88 109 -12 232 -12C263 -12 332 6 395 84L380 106ZM225 412C281 412 315 364 314 312C314 297 308 292 290 292C232 290 176 289 120 289C135 370 180 412 225 412Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,75.763,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-115"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,80.664,0)"><path id="g190-106" d="M135 536C164 536 186 560 186 587C186 617 164 639 136 639C109 639 85 617 85 587C85 560 109 536 135 536ZM252 0V26C188 32 181 38 181 106V451C138 433 90 420 39 412V388C99 379 102 374 102 312V106C102 38 95 32 32 26V0H252Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,84.148,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-112"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,90.896,0)"><path id="g190-101" d="M517 51L485 54C448 58 441 63 441 115V712C404 700 337 684 285 678V653C357 648 362 645 362 580V437C339 446 309 449 295 449C159 449 38 340 38 201C38 61 143 -12 223 -12C234 -12 261 -6 301 17L362 53V-12C420 9 495 22 517 26V51ZM362 85C338 67 301 51 266 51C201 51 128 109 128 228C128 373 212 411 259 411C296 411 338 395 362 360V85Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,101.52,0)"><path id="g117-94" d="M531 285V335L57 550V494L473 310L57 127V71L531 285ZM531 -40V10H57V-40H531Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"/><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="48.3pt" style="vertical-align:-3.1685pt" height="12.4764pt" version="1.1" viewBox="112.7331838 -9.3079 48.3 12.4764"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,112.783,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,121.198,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-110"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,131.793,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-112"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,138.266,0)"><path id="g190-111" d="M524 0V26C466 32 460 36 460 104V297C460 393 411 449 331 449C302 449 276 437 248 419C223 402 201 387 181 372V451C137 432 90 420 42 411V388C96 378 102 374 102 310V104C102 38 97 33 29 26V0H246V26C187 32 181 36 181 104V339C211 365 250 390 290 390C357 390 381 345 381 276V109C381 40 374 32 315 26V0H524Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,145.129,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-117"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,149.173,0)"><path id="g190-105" d="M513 0V26C455 31 447 37 447 103V278C447 398 390 449 309 449C255 449 202 412 166 376V712C127 700 67 684 19 677V653C85 647 87 643 87 580V103C87 37 79 31 19 26L18 0H231V26C171 32 166 39 166 103V341C194 373 232 392 270 392C337 392 368 351 368 269V103C368 38 360 32 302 26V0H513Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,156.01,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-116"/></g></svg></span> were found to be significantly associated with postpartum contraceptive use.

Tsegaye Mehare

Birhanie Mekuriaw

Zelalem Belayneh

Yewbmirt Sharew

Postpartum Contraceptive Use and Its Determinants in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

M. Aleni

S. N. Mbalinda

R. Muhindo

Birth Intervals and Associated Factors among Women Attending Young Child Clinic in Yumbe Hospital, Uganda

<i>Background. </i>Adequate knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is critical for effective control of disease. Health education/counselling at the point of care provides ample opportunities to improve knowledge of patient seeking treatment. There is no study from Nigeria that investigates association between sources of previous point of care of STI and quality of knowledge of people on STI. We hypothesised that previous treatment of STI will be associated with better knowledge of STI and HIV infection. <i>Methods.</i> Three consecutives nationally representative cross-sectional surveys on HIV and AIDS Reproductive Health in Nigeria, conducted in 2005, 2007, and 2012 were analysed. Outcome measures were knowledge of STI only, and a combined knowledge of STI and HIV transmission and prevention. We designed a knowledge scale of 14-item questions for STI and 41-item questions for STI and HIV. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors at 5&#x0025; significance level. <i>Results. </i>Knowledge of STI increased from 13.4&#x0025; in 2005 to 15.0&#x0025; in 2007 to 26.5&#x0025; in 2012. Respondents that received treatment from pharmacy and patient medicine vendors had higher odds of good knowledge of STI than those who did not receive any treatment (aOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.55) in 2005. In 2012, respondents treated at health facilities were over two times likely to have good knowledge of STI and HIV transmission and prevention (aOR&#x2009;=&#x2009;2.35). STI positive individuals in the highest economic class were two times likely to have good knowledge of STI and HIV transmission and prevention than those in the lowest class. <i>Conclusion. </i>Participants that previously sought care from health facilities, pharmacy, and patient medicine vendors had better knowledge of STIs and HIV infection prevention and transmission than those who sought care from unorthodox sources. We recommend a national awareness creation on STI prevention including provision of information on safe point of care for STIs in Nigeria.

Imran O. Morhason-Bello

Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe

Association between Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sources of the Previous Point of Care among Nigerians: Findings from Three National HIV and AIDS Reproductive Health Surveys

About this journal

<p><em>International Journal of Reproductive Medicine</em> publishes original&nbsp;research and review articles on reproductive medicine.</p>


Journal profile

Meet the editorial board

<p><em>International Journal of Reproductive Medicine&nbsp;</em>maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.</p>


Editor spotlight

Find out more

This journal's articles appear in a wide range of abstracting and indexing databases, and are covered by numerous other services that aid discovery and access. Find out more about where and how the content of this journal is available.

Abstracting and Indexing

Author guidelines

Editorial board

Databases and indexing

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine - Table of contents 2020

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine | Hindawi

title

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine publishes original research and review articles on reproductive medicine.

description

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine

https://images.hindawi.com/journals/ijrmed/ijrmed.banner.jpg

International Journal of Reproductive Medicine