Refusal of Cancer-Directed Surgery Strongly Impairs Survival of Patients with Localized Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Table 5

Cox proportional hazards model of factors associated with cancer-specific mortality in patients with localized HCC.

Characteristics	Group	HR	95% Cl	𝑃-value
Age	<60	1.00
	≥60	1.223	1.156–1.295	<.001
Gender	Female	1.00
	Male	1.132	1.067–1.202	<.001
Ethnicity	White	1.00
	Black	1.145	1.055–1.242	.001
	Others	0.828	0.780–0.880	<.001
Marital status	Married	1.00
	Widowed	1.220	1.128–1.319	<.001
	Divorced/separated	1.027	0.943–1.118	.540
	Singled	1.054	0.976–1.139	.181
	Others	1.131	0.983–1.300	.084
Grade	Low grade	1.00
	High grade	1.608	1.465–1.766	<.001
	Unknown	1.262	1.190–1.338	<.001
Tumor size	<5 cm	1.00
	≥5 cm	1.978	1.556–2.515	<.001
	Unknown	1.942	1.593–2.366	<.001
Diagnosis year	1989–2004	1.00
	1973–1988	0.741	0.695–0.791	<.001
CDS	Performed	1.00
	Refused	2.444	2.014–2.966	<.001
	Nonsurgical candidate	3.215	3.003–3.441	<.001

HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; CDS: cancer-directed surgery.