Preoperative Localization and Surgical Margins in Conservative Breast Surgery

Table 3

Rates of adequate margins and main disadvantages for each technique.

Technique	Rate of adequate margins	Disadvantages
Carbon marking	81.1%	Possible foreign-body reactions mimicking malignancy on follow up; obstruction of needle tip due to charcoal precipitation.
Wire-guided	70.8–87.4%	Wire dislodgment; vasovagal episodes; pneumothorax.
ROLL	75–93.5%	Possible widespread dispersal of the tracer by accidental intraductal injection; nuclear medicine department required; for experienced surgeons; expensive.
Clip marker	90–92%	Clip migration.
US-guided	89–97%	DCIS rarely visible on US if not marked with a clip or hematoma.
Cavity shave	91.3–94.4%	Long operative times.
Imprint cytology and frozen section analysis	89–91%	Sensibility equal to 72–83%; possible difficult interpretation by pathologist due to presence of irregular specimen’s surfaces or atypical cells; long operative times.