Economic Modeling of Heart Failure Telehealth Programs: When Do They Become Cost Saving?

Table 2

Reduction effectiveness of different types of telehealth programs [15].

	Measure	Models	Effect	95% CI	value	Heterogeneity ( test)	()	Public bias	Effectiveness
Mortality	RR	FE	0.76	(0.66, 0.88)	<0.001	18.3%	25.4 (0.49)	No	24% reduction
CHF hosp	RR	RE	0.72	(0.61, 0.85)	<0.001	66.3%	61.8 (<0.001)	No	28% reduction
CHF LOS	MD	RE	−1.41	(−2.43, −0.39)	0.007	71.3%	38.6 (<0.001)	No	1.41-day reduction

RR: risk ratio; MD: mean difference.
FE: fixed effect model. RE: random effect model.
squared < 20% indicated small heterogeneity; squared > 20% indicated high heterogeneity.
test was not significant so that no significant heterogeneity among studies was presented; fixed effect (FE) model was able to be used.
test was significant so that there was significant heterogeneity among studies; random effect (RE) model had to be used.