Elevated Serum C-Reactive Protein and Markers of Sleep Disordered Breathing

Table 2

Association between sleep-disordered breathing variables and C-reactive protein levels > 1 mg/dL.

Sleep variables	Sample size (hypertension %)	Age, sex adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Multivariable-model 1^∗ odds ratio (95% CI)	Multivariable-model 2^† odds ratio (95% CI)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤5 hrs	120 (11.4%)	1.76 (1.23–2.53)	1.57 (1.11–2.23)	1.35 (0.93–1.97)
6 hrs	138 (8.1%)	1.18 (0.81–1.73)	1.13 (0.77–1.67)	1.11 (0.76–1.63)
7 hrs	141 (7.0%)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
8 hrs	157 (8.3%)	1.16 (0.87–1.54)	1.14 (0.85–1.52)	1.15 (0.84–1.58)
≥9 hrs	49 (10.9%)	1.50 (0.96–2.34)	1.44 (0.93–2.22)	1.61 (1.03–2.52)
P-trend		0.1275	0.3175	0.9488
Snoring (nights/week)
0–2	247 (6.59%)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
3-4	130 (9.33%)	1.57 (1.20–2.05)	1.53 (1.17–2.01)	1.23 (0.93–1.62)
≥5	228 (0.34%)	1.98 (1.55–2.53)	1.90 (1.48 2.44)	1.26 (0.99–1.61)
P-trend		<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0619
Snorting (nights/week)
0–2	509 (8.08%)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
3-4	44 (9.61%)	1.37 (0.93–2.03)	1.32 (0.89–1.95)	1.09 (0.73–1.64)
≥5	52 (11.94%)	1.72 (1.11–2.65)	1.64 (1.07–2.52)	1.06 (0.66–1.69)
P-trend		0.0054	0.0098	0.7288
Daytime sleepiness (times/month)
0-1	323 (7.57%)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
2–4	154 (8.09%)	1.07 (0.85–1.36)	1.08 (0.84–1.38)	1.02 (0.78–1.33)
≥5	128 (11.54%)	1.53 (1.19–1.98)	1.47 (1.15–1.89)	1.27 (0.96–1.68)
P-trend		0.0026	0.0051	0.1289
Sleep summary score
0	170 (6.13%)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1	234 (8.45%)	1.52 (1.14–2.03)	1.470 (1.10–1.97)	1.16 (0.87–1.55)
2	148 (11.40%)	2.23 (1.68–2.95)	2.097 (1.57–2.80)	1.47 (1.07–2.02)
≥3	53 (13.46%)	2.67 (1.89–3.78)	2.400 (1.69–2.42)	1.40 (0.95–2.08)
P-trend		<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0228

*Model 1: adjusted for age (years), gender (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and others), education (below high school, high school, and above high school), smoking (never smoker, former smoker, and current smoker), and alcohol intake (absent, present).
^†Model 2: adjusted for age (years), gender (male, female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans, and others), education (below high school, high school, and above high school), smoking (never smoker, former smoker, and current smoker), alcohol intake (absent, present), physical activity (moderate physical activity), body mass index (obese, nonobese), depression (absent, present), diabetes (absent, present), and total cholesterol (mg/dL).