Nonmodifiable
(i) Age
(ii) Sex
(iii) Familial
Modifiable
(i) High blood pressure
(ii) Diabetes
(iii) Dyslipidaemia
(iv) Abdominal obesity
(v) Smoking | Nonmodifiable
(i) Low birth weight [21, 22, 55]
(ii) Abnormal foetal growth [21, 22]
Modifiable
(i) Insulin resistance [6, 9, 11, 14, 49, 56]
(ii) High apo B100/apo A-I ratio [7, 11, 13, 14]
(iii) Low adiponectin [8]
(iv) Lipoprotein (a) [6, 8, 11, 14]
(v) Homocysteine [8, 49]
(vi) Apolipoprotein B [7, 11, 14, 49]
(vii) Visceral and ectopic fat [13]
(viii) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [8]
(ix) Fibrinogen [8]
(x) Endothelial dysfunction
(xi) Low physical activity [6, 7, 10, 14, 49]
(xii) Dietary habit [7, 10, 13]
(xiii) Alcohol consumption [6, 7, 10, 13]
(xiv) Psychosocial factors [7, 10, 13] |
