Nonmodifiable (i) Age (ii) Sex (iii) Familial Modifiable (i) High blood pressure (ii) Diabetes (iii) Dyslipidaemia (iv) Abdominal obesity (v) Smoking | Nonmodifiable (i) Low birth weight [21, 22, 55] (ii) Abnormal foetal growth [21, 22] Modifiable (i) Insulin resistance [6, 9, 11, 14, 49, 56] (ii) High apo B100/apo A-I ratio [7, 11, 13, 14] (iii) Low adiponectin [8] (iv) Lipoprotein (a) [6, 8, 11, 14] (v) Homocysteine [8, 49] (vi) Apolipoprotein B [7, 11, 14, 49] (vii) Visceral and ectopic fat [13] (viii) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [8] (ix) Fibrinogen [8] (x) Endothelial dysfunction (xi) Low physical activity [6, 7, 10, 14, 49] (xii) Dietary habit [7, 10, 13] (xiii) Alcohol consumption [6, 7, 10, 13] (xiv) Psychosocial factors [7, 10, 13] |