Childhood Obesity Associates Haemodynamic and Vascular Changes That Result in Increased Central Aortic Pressure with Augmented Incident and Reflected Wave Components, without Changes in Peripheral Amplification
Table 2
Vascular parameters for normal weight (NW) and obese (OB) children and adolescents.
NW
OB
value
MV ± SD
MV ± SD
Tonometry at radial artery (SphygmoCor)
Heart rate (bpm)
80 ± 15
77 ± 11
0.334
Peripheral SBP (mmHg)
106 ± 12
112 ± 11
0.004
Peripheral MBP (mmHg)
76 ± 10
77 ± 9
0.392
Peripheral DBP (mmHg)
60 ± 8
59 ± 8
0.788
Peripheral PP (mmHg)
46 ± 11
53 ± 9
0.000
Central SBP (mmHg)
90 ± 11
95 ± 10
0.009
Central DBP (mmHg)
62 ± 9
61 ± 8
0.526
Central PP (mmHg)
28 ± 9
34 ± 8
0.000
Augmented pressure (mmHg)
0.88 ± 3.03
−0.03 ± 4.60
0.216
Augmentation index (%)
6.47 ± 9.72
0.88 ± 10.45
0.004
PWV (m/s)
4.52 ± 0.70
4.62 ± 0.74
0.254
Brachial SBP/aortic SBP
1.18 ± 0.05
1.17 ± 0.05
0.361
Oscillometry at brachial artery (Mobil-O-Graph)
Heart rate (bpm)
79 ± 14
77 ± 11
0.575
Peripheral SBP (mmHg)
110 ± 11
115 ± 11
0.004
Peripheral MBP (mmHg)
84 ± 8
86 ± 7
0.220
Peripheral DBP (mmHg)
63 ± 8
61 ± 7
0.420
Peripheral PP (mmHg)
47 ± 8
54 ± 9
0.000
Central SBP (mmHg)
97 ± 11
102 ± 10
0.006
Central DBP (mmHg)
65 ± 8
63 ± 6
0.221
Central PP (mmHg)
32 ± 8
38 ± 9
0.000
Augmented pressure (mmHg)
5.84 ± 3.20
5.47 ± 2.35
0.484
Augmentation index (%)
17.03 ± 8.22
14.04 ± 6.25
0.029
PWV (m/s)
4.45 ± 0.37
4.70 ± 0.40
0.001
Brachial SBP/aortic SBP
1.13 ± 0.06
1.13 ± 0.06
0.536
Reflection coefficient (%)
59.5 ± 10.3
58.7 ± 9.5
0.652
PVR (mmHg/mL⋅min)
1.09 ± 0.14
1.02 ± 0.15
0.006
Cardiac output (L/min)
4.8 ± 0.6
5.2 ± 0.8
0.001
Cardiac index (L/min/m2)
4.2 ± 0.6
3.6 ± 0.8
0.000
Forward pulse wave amplitude (Pf mmHg)
13 ± 4
15 ± 4
0.003
Backward pulse wave amplitude (Pb mmHg)
21 ± 5
26 ± 5
0.000
Pb/Pf ratio
0.60 ± 0.11
0.59 ± 0.10
0.811
Stroke volume (mL)
62.7 ± 14.3
69.4 ± 15.3
0.042
MV: mean value; SD: standard deviation; NW: normal weight; OB: obese; SBP, DBP, MBP, and PP: systolic, diastolic, mean, and pulse blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; PVR: peripheral vascular resistances.
