Children and Adolescent Obesity Associates with Pressure-Dependent and Age-Related Increase in Carotid and Femoral Arteries’ Stiffness and Not in Brachial Artery, Indicative of Nonintrinsic Arterial Wall Alteration
Table 1
Anthropometrical and hemodynamic characteristics and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.
Total
4–8 years old
8–12 years old
12–15 years old
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Normal weight
Obesity
Number of subjects (% female)
137 (39)
84 (41)
0.876
25 (40)
18 (50)
0.765
48 (40)
40 (48)
0.745
57 (40)
21 (33)
0.476
Age (years)
10.9 ± 2.8
10.6 ± 2.7
0.465
6.7 ± 0.9
6.5 ± 0,8
0.389
10.5 ± 1.2
10.3 ± 1.2
0.265
13.7 ± 0.8
13.4 ± 1.0
0.111
Body height (m)
1.42 ± 0.2
1.41 ± 0.2
0.502
1.22 ± 0.1
1.23 ± 0.1
0.555
1.41 ± 0.1
1.40 ± 0.1
0.359
1.62 ± 0.1
1.63 ± 0.1
0.234
Body weight (Kg)
38.6 ± 13.4
58.6 ± 21.3
<0.001
22.1 ± 2.5
34.0 ± 5.7
<0.001
34.4 ± 6.9
54.6 ± 12.6
<0.001
50.9 ± 8.8
83.7 ± 16.0
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.0 ± 2.2
26.8 ± 4.8
<0.001
15.3 ± 0.8
22.0 ± 2.9
<0.001
17.5 ± 1.5
26.4 ± 3.4
<0.001
19.8 ± 1.7
31.1 ± 5.1
<0.001
Heart rate (b.p.m.)
82 ± 14
79 ± 13
0.596
87 ± 10
89 ± 21
0.715
82 ± 17
78 ± 11
0.165
76 ± 11
76 ± 14
0.965
Peripheral SBP (mmHg)
108 ± 11
113 ± 11
0.008
101 ± 9
106 ± 7
0.074
109 ± 9
109 ± 7
0.863
111 ± 10
119 ± 12
0.012
Peripheral DBP (mmHg)
60 ± 8
60 ± 7
0.845
58 ± 7
63 ± 11
0.984
60 ± 6
58 ± 6
0.131
59 ± 8
62 ± 10
0.112
Peripheral PP (mmHg)
48 ± 10
52 ± 9
0.006
43 ± 8
46 ± 10
0.228
48 ± 10
51 ± 7
0.118
52 ± 9
58 ± 8
0.008
Central (aortic) SBP (mmHg)
91 ± 9
94 ± 10
0.002
84 ± 8
88 ± 7
0.091
92 ± 8
92 ± 7
0.875
94 ± 9
104 ± 10
<0.001
Central (aortic) DBP (mmHg)
62 ± 8
61 ± 7
0.932
60 ± 8
60 ± 5
0.866
63 ± 8
59 ± 7
0.056
62 ± 7
65 ± 8
0.103
Central (aortic) PP (mmHg)
29 ± 7
33 ± 8
<0.001
24 ± 6
29 ± 8
0.037
29 ± 7
33 ± 6
0.010
32 ± 7
39 ± 9
<0.001
Hypertension (%, CI 95%)
10 (6–16)
32 (22–42)
<0.001
12 (0–25)
39 (16–61)
0.039
17 (6–27)
25 (12–38)
0.923
7 (0–14)
43 (22–43)
<0.001
Dyslipidemia (%, CI 95%)
2 (0–4)
16 (8–23)
<0.001
8 (0–19)
6 (0–16)
0.756
2 (0–6)
20 (8–32)
0.029
0 (0-0)
10 (0–22)
0.018
Sedentarism (%, CI 95%)
46 (38–55)
66 (54–76)
0.005
68 (50–86)
67 (45–88)
0.926
44 (30–58)
70 (56–84)
0.583
40 (28–53)
57 (36–78)
0.186
Values expressed as mean value ± standard deviation or percentage (prevalence) and confidence interval (95%). SBP, DBP, and PP: systolic, diastolic, and pulse blood pressure, respectively. Hypertension: diagnosed hypertension and/or hypertensive levels during study. A was accepted as statistically significant.
