Lipoprotein Particle Predictors of Arterial Stiffness after 17 Years of Follow Up: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants who underwent carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurement included in the regression analysis.

	Males	Females	value
	Age at initial screening (years)	56.1 (5.8)		56 (5.5)	0.7
Age at c-fPWV (years)	72.8 (5.7)	72.9 (5.4)	0.5
Follow-up time (years)	16.7 (1.5)	16.9 (1.5)	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.8 (3.1)	25.1 (3.8)	<0.001
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.9 (0.1)	0.8 (0.1)	<0.001
Smoker, current	163 (18%)	256 (17%)	<0.001
Smoker, occasional	48 (5%)	67 (4%)	<0.001
Smoker, former	418 (45%)	443 (29%)	<0.001
Smoker, never	294 (32%)	749 (49%)	<0.001
Diabetes diagnosis	71 (8%)	59 (4%)	<0.001
Lipid-lowering medication at follow up	323 (34%)	412 (27%)	<0.001
Antihypertensive medication at follow up	530 (56%)	823 (53%)	0.2
HBA1C (%)	4.8 (4.5, 5)	4.8 (4.5, 5)	0.512
Glucose, fasting (mmol/L)	5 (4.7, 5.3)	4.8 (4.5, 5.1)	<0.001
Insulin level (mmol/L)	7 (5, 9)	6 (4, 8)	<0.001
HOMA-IR	1.5 (1, 2.1)	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	<0.001
C-reactive protein (nmol/L)	1.2 (0.6, 2.3)	1.1 (0.6, 2.4)	0.8
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6 (1)	6.2 (0.1)	<0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.3 (0.9, 1.7)	1 (0.8, 1.4)	<0.001
HDL-c (mmol/L)	1.2 (1, 1.4)	1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	<0.001
LDL-c (mmol/L)	4.1 (0.9)	4.1 (1)	0.77
TG : HDL-c ratio (ideal <0.9 in mmol/L)	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	0.7 (0.5, 1)	<0.001
Large VLDL-P (mmol/L)	9 (6, 12)	8 (5, 11)	<0.001
Medium VLDL-P (mmol/L)	34 (27, 44)	32 (23, 43)	<0.001
Small VLDL-P (mmol/L)	48 (39, 60)	51 (40, 66)	<0.001
Large IDL-P(mmol/L)	112 (91, 140)	109 (86, 139)	0.03
Small IDL-P (mmol/L)	158 (120, 223)	225 (166, 298)	<0.001
Large LDL-P(mmol/L)	433 (331, 542)	392 (301, 506)	<0.001
Medium LDL-P (mmol/L)	121 (81, 204)	80 (61, 112)	<0.001
Small LDL-P(mmol/L)	70 (48, 114)	52 (39, 70)	<0.001
Very small LDL-P (mmol/L)	104 (812, 136)	88 (69, 113)	<0.001
Total LDL-P (mmol/L)	788 (624, 966)	623 (498, 812)	<0.001
Large HDL-P (nmol/L)	984 (690, 1446)	1801 (1211, 2568)	<0.001
Small HDL-P (nmol/L)	2567 (1896, 3391)	2706 (2078, 3593)	<0.001
Total HDL-P (nmol/L)	3682 (2829, 4760)	4663 (3669, 5859)	<0.001
c-fPWV (m/s)	10.4 (8.9, 12.2)	9.9 (9, 11)	<0.001

For continuous variables, normally distributed characteristics are expressed with mean (SD) and skewed data with median (interquartile range). Categorical data are expressed as percentages. Comparisons of parametric data are made using Student’s -test. Comparisons of categorical data are made using chi square tests. All other comparisons of mean ranks for nonparametric data use the Mann–Whitney test. Abbreviations: c-fPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-P: high-density lipoprotein particles; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IDL-P: intermediate-density lipoprotein particles; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-P: low-density lipoprotein particles; VLDL-P: very low-density lipoprotein particles.