Fecal and Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Woolly (Lagothrix ssp.) and Spider Monkeys (Ateles spp.)

Table 2

Spider monkey diet nutrient analyses, food group percentages, and fecal and salivary cortisol concentrations (±SEM) from five zoological institutions in the US.

Study 1	Zoo 1	Zoo 2	Zoo 3	Zoo 4	Zoo 5
Dietary nutrients, % (dry matter basis)
Protein	14	17	21	11	17
Fat	7	9	4	4	5
Fiber	3.8	4.1	6.5	4.0	4.0
Carbohydrates	71	64	67	78	68
Total sugar	42	17	18	25	20
Sucrose	5.3	4.0	1.0	6.0	9.1
Fructose	13.4	6.0	2.4	6.2	5.0
Glucose	6.4	4.1	1.0	4.1	4.0
Diet food group, % (as fed)
Fruit	83	42	44	34	60
Vegetable	5	27	32	57	0
Nutritionally complete feed^‡	10	18	22	9	20
Breads and grains	2	5	2	0	11
Miscellaneous	0	8	0	0	9
Cortisol analyses
Fecal cortisol, ng/g^∗	66±10.9	49±40.6	30±15.4	NA^€	31±18.2
Salivary cortisol, 𝜇g/dL^£	17±3.7^a	NA	7±3.2^b	11±5.9^a,b	2±3.2^b

^‡Zoo 1 fed Mazuri High Protein Primate (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, Mo, USA); Zoos 2 to 5 fed Mazuri New World Primate (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, Mo, USA); Zoo 5 also fed Mazuri Old World Primate (PMI Nutrition International, St. Louis, Mo, USA).^∗Fecal cortisol is measured on a DM basis.^£Significant difference in salivary cortisol concentration among institutions (𝑃<.05) is indicated by superscripts a, b.^€NA: information not available.