Fecal and Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Woolly (Lagothrix ssp.) and Spider Monkeys (Ateles spp.)

Table 3

Spider and woolly monkeys diet nutrient analyses, food group percentages, and fecal cortisol concentrations (±SEM) from three zoological institutions in Europe.

	Zoo 6	Zoo 7	Zoo 6	Zoo 7	Zoo 8
	Study 2 spider monkeys		Study 3 woolly monkeys
Diet nutrients, % (dry matter basis)
Protein	18	12	22	15	12
Fat	19	8	12	12	7
Fiber	8.5	4.1	9.0	8.3	5.6
Carbohydrates	54	75	55	62	75
Total sugar	20	35	22	28	41
Sucrose	4.8	3.7	3.2	3.7	4.9
Fructose	10.7	9.9	6.7	8.0	13.8
Glucose	6.5	8.1	3.5	4.6	6.9
Diet food group, % (as fed)
Fruit	30	49	19	30	44
Vegetable	60	42	68	60	48
Nutritionally complete feed^‡	6	4	5	4	0
Breads and grains	2	5	0	2	6
Miscellaneous	2	0	8	4	2
Cortisol analyses
Fecal cortisol, ng/g^∗,£	115±40.6^a	227±40.6^b	87±26.8^x	122±20.3^x	269±20.8^y

^‡The nutritionally complete feed utilized by Zoos 6 and 7 was Leaf Eater Primate (Mazuri Zoo Foods, Witham, Essex, UK).^∗Fecal cortisol is measured on a DM basis.^£Significant difference in fecal cortisol concentration between spider monkey institutions (𝑃<.05) are indicated by superscripts a, b and among woolly monkey institutions by superscripts x, y.