Leadership of Winter Mixed-Species Flocks by Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor): Are Titmice Passive Nuclear Species?

Table 1

All species encountered in mixed-species flocks during the study (classified into flock roles (nuclear, satellite, or nonflocking) based on Farley et al. [4]). Percentage of flocks is the percentage of the 20 flocks where the species was encountered at a minimum of one observation point. Max. number of individuals is the estimated maximum number of individuals in a flock observed at one time.

Common name	Scientific name	% of flocks/max. # of individuals
Nuclear
Tufted titmouse	Baeolophus bicolor	100/6
Satellite
Black-and-white warbler	Mniotilta varia	50/2
Blue-gray gnatcatcher	Polioptila caerulea	70/6
Blue-headed vireo	Vireo solitarius	30/2
Carolina chickadee	Poecile carolinensis	20/3
Downy woodpecker	Picoides pubescens	40/3
(Yellow) palm warbler	Dendroica palmarum	15/15
Pine warbler	Dendroica pinus	35/2
Red-bellied woodpecker	Melanerpes carolinus	30/3
Ruby-crowned kinglet	Regulus calendula	95/15
White-eyed vireo	Vireo griseus	15/1
Yellow-throated warbler	Dendroica dominica	10/1
Nonflocking
Blue jay	Cyanocitta cristata	5/3
Eastern bluebird	Sialia sialis	5/2
Yellow-rumped warbler	Dendroica coronata	15/50+
Northern parula	Parula americana	10/2
White-throated sparrow	Zonotrchia albicollis	5/20