Review Article

The Citizen Science Landscape: From Volunteers to Citizen Sensors and Beyond

Table 3

Citizen science projects and data collection/submission process(s).

Project URLDescriptionData collection/submission process(s)

Project PigeonWatchhttp://www.birds.cornell.edu/pigeon watchA US program run by Cornell University. Participants count pigeons and record courtship behaviours observed in their neighbourhood pigeon flocks.Virtual form submission
eBirdhttp://ebird.org/Initially US-ebased but moving more into global records. eBird's goal is to maximize the utility and accessibility of the vast numbers of bird observations made each year by recreational and professional bird watchers. Has an online accessible database and visualisation facilities for the participant and other interested parties.Virtual form submission
Ecoceanhttp://www.whaleshark.org/The ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library is a visual database of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) encounters and of individually catalogued whale sharks. It asks participants to upload images and sightings of Whale Sharks.Virtual form submission
Natures notebookhttp://www.usanpn.org/participate/observeA US program run as part of the National Phenology Network, it asks people to report the phenophases of particular species in their local areas.Virtual form submission
BirdTrackhttp://www.bto.org/volunteer-surveys/birdtrackPartnership working between the British Trust of Ornithology, Royal Society for the protection of Birds, Birdwatch Ireland, and the Scottish Ornithologists’ Club, it collects data on migration movements and distributions throughout Britain and Ireland. Has an online accessible database and visualisation facilities for the participant and other interested parties.Virtual form submission
British Trust for Ornithologyhttp://www.bto.org/Nongovernmental organisation dedicated to using volunteers who follow statistically designed sampling strategies in their research into birds.Virtual form submission
Project Budbursthttp://neoninc.org/budburst/A US project participants observe plant phenophases. Scientists can use the data to learn more about the responsiveness of individual plant species to changes in climate locally, regionally, and nationally. Virtual form submission and mobile application submission
What’s Invasivehttp://whatsinvasive.com/Asks participants to locate invasive species by making geotagged observations and taking photos to map their spread.Virtual form submission and mobile application submission
Neighbourhood Nestwatchhttp://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/MigratoryBirds/Research/Neighborhood Nestwatch/default.cfmParticipants find and monitor bird nests and record and report their observations. Researchers are especially interested in comparing how successful nests are in urban, suburban, and rural backyards.Virtual form submission
BeeIDhttp://www.flickr.com/groups/beeid
A completed pilot project which asked participants to upload geo-tagged images of bees and tag them with “beeid2010” tag on the Flickr photography Website, researchers then extract these images, identify and tag with the species id.Tagging and data mining from existing social network site with integral mobile upload facilities