Effect of Environmental Stressors on the Distribution and Abundance of Macroinvertebrates in Upper Awash River at Chilimo Forest, West Shewa, Ethiopia

Table 3

Biotic indices calculated from all sampling sites.

Metrics	Forest site	Less agriculture	Human activities	Paper mill	More agriculture
Family-level richness	21 ± 0.92^r	23 ± 0.58^rs	27 ± 0.58^pqst	20 ± 0.58^qrs	23 ± 0.58^rs
H-FBI	4.09 ± 0.01^qrst	4.97 ± 0.1^ps	4.92 ± 0.01^ps	5.15 ± 0.20^pr	5.08 ± 0.01^p
%EPT	74.59 ± 0.32^rst	74.94 ± 0.81^rst	63.29 ± 0.21^pqst	53.61 ± 0.08^pqrt	37.41 ± 0.31^pqrs
%Chironomidae	4.02 ± 0.01^qrst	16.51 ± 0.58^prst	11.29 ± 0.45^pqrt	24.16 ± 0.91^pqr	22.31 ± 1.2^pqr
ETHbios	107 ± 1^st	111 ± 1^rst	105 ± 1^qrst	84 ± 2.51^pqrt	91 ± 1.15^pqr
ASPT (ETHbios)	5.95 ± 0.05^rst	5.84 ± 0.1^rst	5.22 ± 0.1^pqst	5 ± 1^pqrt	4.5 ± 0.25^pqrs
Shannon diversity	2.16 ± 0.01^qrst	2.06 ± 0.01^prst	1.93 ± 0.02^pqst	1.79 ± 0.01^pqrt	1.68 ± 0.03^pqrs
Evenness	0.274 ± 0.02^qrst	0.245 ± 0.01^prst	0.253 ± 0.01^pqst	0.228 ± 0.01^pqrt	0.209 ± 0.02^pqrs

p, q, r, s, and t represent stressor types: p, forest site; q, less agriculture; r, human activities; s, paper mill waste; t, more agriculture that indicates significant mean difference following Bonferroni post hoc tests. (Tukey HSD).