The Activity and Ranging Patterns of Gelada Monkeys as Behavioral Responses to the Effects of Livestock Grazing in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

Table 1

Multivariate analysis result.

Multivariate Tests^a
Effect		Value	F	Hypothesis df	Error df	Sig.	Partial eta squared	Noncent. Parameter	Observed power^c
Intercept	Pillai’s trace	1.000	90064.828^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	1.000	360259.311	1.000
	Wilks’ lambda	0.000	90064.828^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	1.000	360259.311	1.000
	Hotelling’s trace	4935.059	90064.828^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	1.000	360259.311	1.000
	Roy’s largest root	4935.059	90064.828^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	1.000	360259.311	1.000
Grazing_Level	Pillai’s trace	0.377	11.049^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	0.377	44.195	1.000
	Wilks’ lambda	0.623	11.049^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	0.377	44.195	1.000
	Hotelling’s trace	0.605	11.049^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	0.377	44.195	1.000
	Roy’s largest root	0.605	11.049^b	4.000	73.000	0.000	0.377	44.195	1.000
Tests of between-subjects effects
Source	Dependent variable	Type III sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.	Partial eta squared	Noncent. Parameter	Observed power^f
Corrected model	Feeding	12.056^a	1	12.056	0.187	0.666	0.002	0.187	0.071
	Moving	1583.432^b	1	1583.432	36.063	0.000	0.322	36.063	1.000
	Resting	36.077^c	1	36.077	1.567	0.214	0.020	1.567	0.235
	Social	950.498^d	1	950.498	18.061	0.000	0.192	18.061	0.987
	Other	0.267^e	1	0.267	0.116	0.734	0.002	0.116	0.063
Intercept	Feeding	144314.298	1	144314.298	2244.316	0.000	0.967	2244.316	1.000
	Moving	113596.529	1	113596.529	2587.192	0.000	0.971	2587.192	1.000
	Resting	3178.161	1	3178.161	138.035	0.000	0.645	138.035	1.000
	Social	10176.748	1	10176.748	193.378	0.000	0.718	193.378	1.000
	Other	75.735	1	75.735	32.918	0.000	0.302	32.918	1.000
Grazing_Level	Feeding	12.056	1	12.056	0.187	0.666	0.002	0.187	0.071
	Moving	1583.432	1	1583.432	36.063	0.000	0.322	36.063	1.000
	Resting	36.077	1	36.077	1.567	0.214	0.020	1.567	0.235
	Social	950.498	1	950.498	18.061	0.000	0.192	18.061	0.987
	Other	0.267	1	0.267	0.116	0.734	0.002	0.116	0.063
Error	Feeding	4886.962	76	64.302
	Moving	3336.952	76	43.907
	Resting	1749.849	76	23.024
	Social	3999.589	76	52.626
	Other	174.854	76	2.301
Total	Feeding	149375.956	78
	Moving	117904.460	78
	Resting	4983.579	78
	Social	15293.755	78
	Other	250.676	78
Corrected total	Feeding	4899.018	77
	Moving	4920.384	77
	Resting	1785.926	77
	Social	4950.086	77
	Other	175.121	77

^aDesign: intercept + grazing level. ^bExact statistic. ^cComputed using alpha = 0.05., ^aR squared = 0.002 (adjusted R squared = −0.011). ^bR squared = 0.322 (adjusted R squared = 0.313). ^cR squared = 0.020 (adjusted R squared = 0.007). ^dR squared = 0.192 (adjusted R squared = 0.181). ^eR squared = 0.002 (adjusted R squared = −0.012). ^fComputed using alpha = 0.05.