Factors Associated with Late Presentation of HIV and Estimation of Antiretroviral Treatment Need according to CD4 Lymphocyte Count in a Resource-Limited Setting: Data from an HIV Cohort Study in India
Table 2
Factors associated with late HIV presentation stratified by gender.
Women
Men
CD4 count
CD4 count <350/mm3
CD4 count
CD4 count <350/mm3
Median (IQR)
Proportion (%)
aOR
95% CI
Median (IQR)
Proportion (%)
aOR
95% CI
Age (years)
15 to 24
373 (223–548)
464/999 (46.4)
0.58***
(0.48–0.71)
249 (128–414)
226/336 (67.3)
0.71*
(0.54–0.94)
25 to 34
271 (133–447)
744/1213 (61.3)
1
Reference
185 (94–353)
1122/1512 (74.2)
1
Reference
35 to 44
190 (95–355)
348/473 (73.6)
1.64***
(1.26–2.12)
159 (79–287)
804/999 (80.5)
1.47***
(1.20–1.80)
≥45
160 (84–293)
156/191 (81.7)
2.48***
(1.62–3.79)
161 (87–302)
406/492 (82.5)
1.67***
(1.26–2.20)
Marital status
Single
217 (105–429)
18/27 (66.7)
1.73
(0.62–4.78)
197 (105–353)
241/328 (73.5)
1.09
(0.81–1.48)
Married
315 (162–510)
941/1705 (55.2)
1
Reference
180 (91–332)
1987/2597 (76.5)
1
Reference
Separated-divorced
225 (111–435)
134/200 (67)
1.44*
(1.01–2.05)
139 (82–293)
110/134 (82.1)
1.41
(0.88–2.25)
Widow
241 (118–408)
581/881 (65.9)
1.24*
(1.01–1.53)
156 (80–280)
161/202 (79.7)
1
(0.69–1.46)
Education
Higher
355 (166–525)
25/54 (46.3)
0.50*
(0.26–0.96)
212 (112–368)
119/167 (71.3)
0.86
(0.57–1.29)
Secondary
367 (197–546)
264/567 (46.6)
0.58***
(0.46–0.73)
189 (92–343)
804/1065 (75.5)
1.02
(0.83–1.26)
Primary
325 (170–532)
166/307 (54.1)
0.79
(0.59–1.04)
171 (94–315)
504/638 (79)
1.14
(0.90–1.45)
No education
253 (120–428)
1219/1884 (64.7)
1
Reference
168 (88–325)
1077/1397 (77.1)
1
Reference
Community
Other castes
294 (134–477)
378/641 (59)
0.93
(0.75–1.16)
175 (87–340)
674/887 (76)
0.93
(0.76–1.14)
Backward castes
290 (140–461)
842/1414 (59.5)
1
Reference
184 (95–330)
1203/1573 (76.5)
1
Reference
Scheduled castes
266 (126–452)
373/603 (61.9)
1.06
(0.85–1.33)
174 (85–313)
532/672 (79.2)
1.14
(0.90–1.43)
Scheduled tribes
303 (168–498)
119/218 (54.6)
0.77
(0.56–1.07)
175 (104–379)
149/207 (72)
0.77
(0.55–1.09)
House type
Owned
295 (150–470)
773/1321 (58.5)
1
Reference
185 (101–340)
1166/1536 (75.9)
1
Reference
Rented
314 (167–473)
513/925 (55.5)
0.91
(0.75–1.10)
197 (101–361)
673/910 (74)
0.98
(0.80–1.20)
No house
200 (90–402)
202/292 (69.2)
1.50*
(1.10–2.04)
134 (67–267)
323/383 (84.3)
1.60**
(1.18–2.17)
Other
274 (118–454)
59/97 (60.8)
1.05
(0.67–1.66)
135 (80–294)
159/201 (79.1)
1.39
(0.96–2.02)
Monthly income (INRa)
<1000
281 (140–460)
715/1204 (59.4)
1
Reference
178 (90–325)
942/1223 (77)
1
Reference
1001 to 2000
287 (154–432)
204/339 (60.2)
0.98
(0.74–1.30)
182 (97–325)
547/705 (77.6)
1.12
(0.89–1.42)
2001 to 3000
270 (119–443)
71/111 (64)
1.25
(0.79–1.96)
182 (92–369)
236/323 (73.1)
0.92
(0.69–1.24)
>3000
303 (148–458)
76/135 (56.3)
1
(0.65–1.54)
183 (89–353)
529/707 (74.8)
0.93
(0.74–1.19)
Not applicable
297 (144–493)
489/839 (58.3)
1.13
(0.86–1.48)
160 (89–299)
224/280 (80)
1.18
(0.82–1.69)
Occupation
Unskilled labourer
257 (122–435)
932/1472 (63.3)
1
Reference
170 (87–323)
947/1219 (77.7)
1
Reference
Driver
180 (93–330)
307/406 (75.6)
1.05
(0.79–1.40)
Farmer
379 (211–536)
40/84 (47.6)
0.73
(0.44–1.21)
161 (86–304)
362/454 (79.7)
1.19
(0.89–1.59)
Health worker
304 (177–551)
22/41 (53.7)
1.11
(0.54–2.30)
250 (127–500)
5/10 (50)
0.4
(0.11–1.49)
Housekeeper
336 (176–521)
398/752 (52.9)
0.91
(0.69–1.21)
388 (220–594)
2/5 (40)
0.18
(0.03–1.18)
Weaver
319 (226–488)
16/30 (53.3)
0.91
(0.40–2.09)
272 (118–426)
42/70 (60)
0.52*
(0.31–0.87)
Others
273 (140–463)
220/367 (59.9)
1.11
(0.85–1.45)
193 (98–343)
789/1049 (75.2)
1
(0.80–1.24)
Unemployed
168 (100–356)
40/57 (70.2)
0.99
(0.50–1.98)
131 (82–261)
49/56 (87.5)
2.13
(0.89–5.12)
Living near a cityb
No
286 (136–458)
966/1610 (60)
1
Reference
171 (87–318)
1466/1874 (78.2)
1
Reference
Yes
286 (138–470)
746/1266 (58.9)
1
(0.84–1.19)
189 (97–353)
1092/1465 (74.5)
0.87
(0.73–1.03)
Route of transmission
Heterosexual
291 (140–468)
1443/2453 (58.8)
1
Reference
178 (90–326)
2446/3174 (77.1)
1
Reference
Blood transfusion
263 (129–479)
43/66 (65.2)
1.15
(0.61–2.16)
191 (92–315)
17/22 (77.3)
0.93
(0.33–2.60)
Homosexual
386 (313–406)
2/5 (40)
0.36
(0.05–2.47)
Others
250 (139–363)
14/21 (66.7)
1.48
(0.42–5.23)
214 (102–387)
17/24 (70.8)
0.7
(0.27–1.83)
Alcohol consumption
Yes
282 (153–431)
15/20 (75)
1.58
(0.41–6.07)
173 (89–324)
1592/2064 (77.1)
0.99
(0.83–1.19)
Never
288 (140–462)
1579/2667 (59.2)
1
Reference
192 (95–345)
911/1200 (75.9)
1
Reference
aIndian Rupees (approximately 1$ = 46 INR in September 2011).
bpopulation >100,000 people. .
