Healthcare Workers and Nonhealthcare Workers Pro-Vaccination Attitude and Its Associated Factors towards COVID-19 Vaccine Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis on the level of positive attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine among HCWs and non-HCWs over different countries.

S. N	Authors	Year	SP	Country	Participants	SS	SD	Level (%)	Factors	Quality score
1.	Vignier et al. [46]	2021	January 22 to March 26, 2021	France	HCWs	579	CS	65.6	Confidence in pharmaceutical companies, and confidence in the management of the epidemic.	8
2.	Alle and Oumer [47]	2021	February 5 to March 20, 2021	Ethiopia	Health professions	319	CS	42.3	Age and profession.	7
3.	Kaur et al. [48]	2021	Not explained	India	Medical and dental professionals	520	CS	65	NA	6
4.	Verger et al. [49]	2021	October and November 2020	France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada	HCWs	2,678	CS	48.6	Age, history of taking influenza vaccine, vaccine recommendation, perceived risk of new vaccines, and perceived utility of vaccine.	7
5.	Ahmed et al. [50]	2021	Not explained	Saudi Arabia	Healthcare providers	236	CS	55.5	Sex, age, presence of chronic illnesses, and allergy.	8
6.	Fakonti et al. [51]	2021	December 8 to 28, 2020	Cyprus	Nurses and midwives	437	CS	30	Receiving a seasonal flu vaccination in the last 5 years, recommended vaccines for health professionals, and working in a private hospital.	7
7.	Chew et al. [52]	2021	December 12 to 21, 2020	Asia-Pacific	HCWs	1720	CS	95	A high perceived pandemic risk index, low vaccine harm index and high pro-socialness index.	8
8.	Guangul et al. [53]	2021	Not explained	Ethiopia	HCWs	668	CS	72.2	NA	6
9.	Nasir et al. [54]	2021	In February 2021	Bangladesh	HCWs	550	CS	70.23	NA	6
10.	Paudel et al. [55]	2021	January 27 to February 3, 2021.	Nepal	HCWs	266	CS	38.3	NA	6
11.	Baghdadi et al. [56]	2021	July to September 2020	Saudi Arabia	HCWs	356	CS	61.16	Gender, age (middle aged), work experience (<5 years), having no fear of injections, and being a non-smoker.	8
12.	Di Gennaro et al. [57]	2021	1 October to 1 November 2020	Italy	HCWs	1723	CS	67	Being a non-MD health professional, using Facebook as main information source about antiSARS-CoV-2 vaccination, being a younger, age (<30 years), being in close contact with a high-risk group, and having undertaken seasonal flu vaccine during the 2019–2020 season.	8
13.	Elhadi et al. [58]	2021	December 1 to 18, 2020	Libya	Physicians and paramedic	2215	CS	58.19	NA	8
14.	Ciardi et al. [59]	2021	December 10, 2020 to January 5, 2021	New York	HCWs	428	CS	64	Gender, age, race, home location, role within the hospital, knowledge about the virus, and confidence in and expectations about personal protective equipment and behaviors.	7
15.	Fares et al. [60]	2021	December 2020 to January 2021	Egypt	HCWs	385	CS	21	NA	6
16.	Harsch et al. [61]	2021	Not explained	Germany	HCWs	200	CS	37.5	NA	6
17.	Szmyd et al. [62]	2021	December 22, 2020 to January 8, 2021	Poland	HCWs	2300	CS	82.95	NA	6
18.	Ledda et al. [63]	2021	September to December 20, 2020	Italy	Healthcare personnel	787	CS	75	NA	6
19.	Shaw et al. [64]	2021	November 23 to December 5, 2020	US	Healthcare personnel	5287	CS	57.5	NA	6
20.	Bauernfeind et al. [65]	2021	December 12 to 21, 2020	Germany	Hospital employees	2454	CS	59.5	Age, gender, educational level, risk for severe course of COVID-19, occupation, direct contact with COVID-19 at work, flu shot in influenza 2019/2020, and flu shot in influenza 2020/2021.	8
21.	Spinewine et al. [66]	2021	January 6 to 20, 2021	Belgium	Hospital staffs	1132	CS	62.9	Being older, being a physician, being vaccinated against seasonal flu, perceived benefits, and cues to actions.	8
22.	Mesesle [67]	2021	March 13 to April 10, 2021	Ethiopia	Adult population	425	CS	24.2	NA	8
23.	Islam et al. [68]	2021	December 2020 to February 2021	Bangladesh	Adult population	1658	CS	78	Being female, and having previous history vaccination.	6
24.	Kasrine Al Halabi et al. [69]	2021	November to December 2020	Lebanon	Adult population	579	CS	21.4	Gender and marital status.	8
25.	Szmyd et al. [70]	2021	December 22 to 25, 2020	Poland	Medical students	632	CS	91.99	Fear of passing on the disease to relatives, and the year of medical study.	7
26.	Bai et al. [71]	2021	December 27, 2020 to January 18, 2021	China	College students	2,881	CS	76.3	Residency (urban), and studying health-related courses.	7
27.	Brodziak et al. [72]	2021	Not explained	Poland	Cancer patients	635	CS	73.7	NA	8
28.	Akarsu et al. [73]	2021	10/06/2020 and 10/07/2020	Turkey	Adult population	759	CS	49.7	NA	6
29.	Ward et al. [74]	2020	Each week of April 2020	France	Adult population	5018	CS	76	Gender, age, COVID-19 concern, and HICU.	8
30.	Szmyd et al. [70]	2021	December 22 to 25, 2020	Poland	Nonmedical students	763	CS	59.42	NA	8
31.	Freeman et al. [75]	2021	September 24 to October 17, 2020	UK	Adult population	5,114	CS	71.7	Younger age, female gender, lower income, ethnicity, and lower adherence to social distancing guidelines.	7
32.	Pogue et al. [76]	2020	Not explained	United States	Adult population	316	CS	68	NA	6
33.	Paul et al. [77]	2021	March 21/2020	UK	Adult population	32,361	CS	84	NA	8
34.	Cordina et al. [78]	2021	30/10/2020 to 16/11/2020	Malta	Adult population	2529	CS	50	Gender(male), and being health profession.	7
35.	Alabdulla et al. [79]	2021	October 15 to November 15, 2020	Qatar	Adult population	7821	CS	79.8	NA	8
36.	Chen et al. [80]	2021	Not explained	China	Adult population	3195	CS	76.6	NA	7
37.	La Vecchia et al. [81]	2020	September 16 to 28, 2020	Italy	15–85 years population	1055	CS	53.7	NA	6
38.	Largent et al. [82]	2020	September 14 to 27, 2020	US	Adult population	2730	CS	61.4	NA	6
39.	El-Elimat et al. [83]	2021	November 2020	Jordan	Adult population	3,100	CS	66.5	NA	8
40.	Graeber et al. [84]	2021	June and July 2020	Germany	Adult population	851	CS	70	NA	7
41.	Al-Marshoudi et al. [85]	2021	December15 to 31, 2020	Oman	Adult population	3000	CS	59.3	Gender (male), history of chronic disease, pregnancy, perceived vaccine safety, education levels, and occupation.	8
42.	Villarreal-Garza et al. [86]	2021	March 12 to 26, 2021	Mexico	Breast cancer patients	540	CS	66	Age, having a close acquaintance who did not experience a vaccine-related adverse reaction, having more information about vaccine effectiveness, mandatory vaccination, and being recommended by their oncologist to be vaccinated.	6
43.	Jiang et al. [87]	2021	Mid-March 2021	China	Nursing college students	1,488	CS	70.07	NA	6
44.	Omar and Hani [88]	2021	January 7 to March 30, 2021	Egypt	Adult population	1011	CS	46	Gender (female), residence (urban), educational level (university/post graduate), marital status (married), having flu vaccine, and lack of the confidence in the healthcare system to control epidemic.	7
45.	Cai et al. [89]	2021	November 27, 2020 and March 12, 2021	China	Adolescent population	1,057	CS	75.59	Age (younger), heard about COVID-19 vaccines, believe in COVID-19 vaccines protection from COVID-19 infection, and those who encouraged their family members and friends to get vaccinated, and believing that vaccines are safe.	8
46.	Kuhn et al. [90]	2021	December 2020 to January 2021	USA	PEH	90	CS	52	NA	7
47.	Petravić et al. [91]	2021	December 17 to 27, 2020	Slovenia	Residents >15 years	12,042	CS	33	NA	8
48.	Kumari et al. [92]	2021	March 13 to 25, 2021	India	≥18 years population	1294	CS	83.6	NA	7
49.	Koh et al. [93]	2022	May to June
2021	Singapore	Primary healthcare workers	528	CS	94.9%	NA	7
50.	AW et al. [94]	2022	March to July 2021	Singapore	HCWs	241	CS	48.5	Being female, a younger age, not having had a loved one or friend infected with COVID-19 and obtaining information from newspapers	7
51.	Kanyike et al. [95]	2021	March 15 to 21 2021	Uganda	Medical students	600	CS	30.7	NA	7

Notice: SP, study period; SS, sample size; SD, study design; CS, cross-sectional; HCWs, healthcare workers; NA, not applicable; HICU, household income per consumption unit; PEH, people experiencing homelessness.