The Presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Case-Control Study among Sudanese Patients
Table 1
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of cases and controls.
Characteristics
Total N (%)
Cases N (%)
Controls N (%)
value (χ2)
Age (mean±SD)
43 ± 16.5
44.2 ± 17.5
41.9 ± 15.5
0.194a
10-19
3 (3.3)
1 (2.2)
2 (4.4)
0.76 (3.4)
20–29
22 (24.2)
12 (26.1)
10 (22.)
30–39
16 (17.6)
7 (15.2)
9 (20)
40–49
18 (19.8)
8 (17.4)
10 (22.2)
50–59
14 (15.4)
6 (13)
8 (17.8)
60–60
7 (7.7)
5 (10.9)
2 (4.4)
>70
11 (12.1)
7 (15.2)
4 (8.9)
Gender
Male
64 (70.3)
35 (78.3)
28 (62.2)
0.09 (2.8)
Female
27 (29.7)
10 (21.7)
17 (37.8)
Address
Urban
78 (85.7)
40 (89.1)
37 (82.2)
0.35 (0.89)
Rural
13 (14.3)
5 (10.9)
8 (17.8)
Level of education
No formal education
16 (17.6)
8 (17.4)
8 (17.8)
0.98 (0.15)
Primary
15 (16.5)
7 (15.2)
8 (17.8)
Secondary
13 (14.3)
7 (15.2)
6 (13.3)
University
47 (51.6)
23 (52.2)
23 (51.1)
Chronic illness
Diabetes mellitus
30 (33)
29 (65.2)
—
<0.001 (43.7)
Hypertension
2 (2.2)
2 (4.3)
—
0.16 (2)
Asthma
5 (5.5)
1 (2.2)
4 (8.9)
0.16 (1.9)
Seizure disorder
1 (1.1)
1 (2.2)
—
0.32 (0.98)
Renal impairment
2 (2.2)
1 (2.2)
1 (2.2)
0.99 (0)
Tuberculosis
4 (4.4)
3 (6.5)
1 (2.2)
0.32 (1)
SLE
1 (1.1)
1 (2.2)
—
0.32 (0.99)
Final outcome
Recovered
86 (94.5)
40 (89.1)
45 (100)
0.023 (5.2)
Dead
5 (10.9)
5 (5.5)
—
Immunoglobulin’s profile
IgM, positive
—
5 (10)
—
—
IgG, positive
—
13 (28)
—
—
IgA, positive
—
8 (17.4)
—
—
Superscript a: independent samples t-test. Abbreviations: IgA/G/M, immunoglobulins; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus. Comparisons of proportions were performed using the chi-square χ2 or Fisher’s exact test.
