The Presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Case-Control Study among Sudanese Patients

Table 2

Laboratory measurements of participants in cases and control participants.

Characteristics	Control (N = 45)		Cases (N = 45)				value
			Dead COVID-19 patients (N = 5)		Recovered COVID-19 patients (N = 41)
Age (mean ± SD)	41.9 ± 15.4		61 ± 12.4		42.1 ± 16.9		0.04^a
	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)	Mean ± SD	Median (IQR)
Hematologic parameters
WBCs	9.8 ± 4	8.9 (6.4–12.4)	15.2 ± 2.8	13.9 (12.8–18.2)	12.3 ± 3.2	12.2 (11.3–14.3)	0.002^b
RBCs	4.4 ± 0.5	4.4 (4–4.6)	4.1 ± 0.5	4.3 (3.7–4.5)	4.5 ± 0.6	4.7 (4.2–5)	0.08^b
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12 ± 1.6	11.5 (10.5–13)	11.5 ± 1.7	12.3 (9.7–12.9)	12.4 ± 1.7	12.9 (11.8–13.3)	0.22^b
PCV	36.3 ± 4.5	35.3 (32.5–38.6)	34.5 ± 5	36.6 (29.5–38.5)	37.4 ± 5.3	38.4 (36.2–40.7)	0.17^b
MCV (fL)	81.7 ± 4.4	81.8 (80.1–84.2)	83.6 ± 7.2	86.4 (76.4–89.4)	82.6 ± 5.2	83.2 (79.6–85.7)	0.6^b
MCH	27.1 ± 2	26.8 (25.6–28.7)	27.8 ± 3	29.2 (25.2–29.9)	27.6 ± 1.7	27.4 (27–28.7)	0.26^b
MCHC	32.9 ± 1.3	32.7 (32.3–33.5)	33 ± 1.2	32.9 (32.1–34.1)	33.3 ± 1.3	33.2 (32.3–34.3)	0.54^b
MXD	9.4 ± 2.5	8.5 (7.5–10.7)	11.960 ± 6	10 (7.5–17.4)	8.8 ± 3.6	8 (6–12.7)	0.26^b
RDW	13.9 ± 1.3	13.9 (13–15)	13.7 ± 1.6	13 (12.4–15.4)	13.9 ± 1.3	13.6 (13–15)	0.76^b
Neutrophil count (K/µL)	51.2 ± 14	55 (39.6–59.8)	78.6 ± 7.3	80.3 (72.5–83.9)	77.2 ± 8.3	78 (71.4–80.5)	<0.001^b
Lymphocyte count	39.4 ± 13.3	35 (31.7–53.8)	9.2 ± 4	11 (5.1–12.5)	14 ± 6.4	13.7 (12.3–16.8)	<0.001^b
Platelet count	307.2 ± 122.2	311 (201–381)	378.6 ± 240.9	324 (220–564.5)	296.5 ± 90.1	308 (211.5–357.5)	0.98^b
Inflammatory markers
ESR	21.9 ± 9.6	20 (20–25)	83 ± 24.6	75 (67.5–102.50)	35.5 ± 19.4	30 (20–47.5)	<0.001^b
CRP	2.5 ± 0.6	2 (2–3)	42.4 ± 17.3	44 (27.5–56.5)	13.1 ± 15.6	3 (2–19.5)	<0.001^b
Electrolytes
Calcium	9.1 ± 0.6	9 (8.9–9.4)	7.4 ± 0.46	7.3 (6.9–7.9)	8.9 ± 0.6	9 (8.9–9.1)	0.001^b
Sodium	137.3 ± 2.8	137 (136–140)	136.2 ± 2.3	136 (134.5–138)	137.6 ± 3.14	138 (136–139)	0.43^b
Potassium	3.9 ± 0.3	3.9 (3.7–4.1)	4.4 ± 0.82	4.3 (3.7–5.3)	3.8 ± 0.4	3.9 (3.6–4.1)	0.24^b
Renal function
Creatinine	0.83 ± 0.3	0.8 (0.6–0.95)	4.5 ± 7.5	1.2 (1.1–9.6)	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 (0.75–1)	0.001^b
Urea	30.4 ± 35.7	23 (22–31)	86.8 ± 101	45 (37–157.5)	27.2 ± 8.7	25 (22–33)	0.006^b
Coagulation profile
PT	13.7 ± 1.4	13.4 (12.9–14.4)	18.98 ± 4.1	18.8 (15.4–22.7)	14.3 ± 2.3	13.9 (12.7–14.5)	0.02^b
aPTT	35.1 ± 5	34.1 (32.1–39)	49 ± 6.7	51.1 (43–53.4)	36.7 ± 7	34.6 (32.1–38.3)	0.008^b
INR	0.98 ± 0.1	0.95 (0.92–1.03)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.4 (1.1–1.6)	1 ± 0.2	0.99 (0.9–1.1)	0.025^b

Superscript a: one-way ANOVA; superscript b: independent-samples Kruskal–Wallis test. Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein, ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MCH, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCV, mean corpuscular volume, MXD, mixed cell count blood test, WBCs, white blood cells, RBCs, red blood cells, PCV, packed cell volume, and RDW, red cell distribution width.