The Presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies and Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Case-Control Study among Sudanese Patients

Table 3

Autoantibodies profile of study participants.

Characteristics	Total N (%)	AA positive N (%)	AA negative N (%)	-value (χ^2)
Case/control
Control	45 (49.5)	0	45 (53.6)	0.002 (12.27)
Case (recovered)	40 (45.1)	5 (71.4)	35 (42.9)
Case (dead)	5 (5.5)	2 (28.6)	3 (3.6)
Age (mean ± SD)
10–19	3 (3.3)	0	3 (3.6)	0.79 (3.13)
20–29	22 (24.2)	3 (42.9)	18 (22.6)
30–39	16 (17.6)	1 (14.3)	15 (17.9)
40–49	18 (19.8)	1 (14.3)	17 (20.2)
50–59	14 (15.4)	0	14 (16.7)
60–60	7 (7.7)	1 (14.3)	6 (7.1)
>70	11 (12.1)	1 (14.3)	10 (11.9)
Gender
Male	64 (70.3)	5 (71.4)	58 (70.2)	0.94 (0.004)
Female	27 (29.7)	2 (28.6)	25 (29.8)
Address
Urban	78 (85.7)	6 (85.7)	72 (85.7)	1 (0)
Rural	13 (14.3)	1 (14.3)	11 (14.3)
Level of education
No formal education	16 (17.6)	3 (42.9)	13 (15.5)	0.24 (4.12)
Primary	15 (16.5)	0	15 (17.9)
Secondary	13 (14.3)	1 (14.3)	12 (14.3)
University	47 (51.6)	3 (42.9)	43 (52.4)
Symptoms
Fever	89 (97.8)	7 (100)	82 (97.6)	0.68 (0.17)
Cough	84 (92.3)	6 (85.7)	78 (92.9)	0.49 (0.46)
Shortness of breath	75 (82.4)	6 (85.7)	69 (82.1)	0.81 (0.06)
Sore throat	82 (90.1)	4 (57.1)	78 (92.9)	0.002 (9.2)
Headache	79 (86.8)	3 (42.9)	75 (90.5)	<0.001 (12.8)
Myalgia	63 (69.2)	4 (57.1)	59 (70.2)	0.47 (0.52)
Running nose	7 (7.7)	1 (14.3)	6 (7.1)	0.49 (0.46)
Chronic illnesses
Diabetes mellitus	30 (33)	5 (71.7)	25 (29.8)	0.024 (5.1)
Hypertension	2 (2.2)	0	2 (2.4)	0.68 (0.17)
Renal impairment	2 (2.2)	0	2 (2.4)	0.68 (0.17)
Laboratory measures
Hypocalcemia	8 (8.8)	3 (42.9)	5 (6)	0.001 (10.9)
Leukopenia	1 (1.1)	1 (14.3)	0	<0.001 (12.1)
Lymphopenia	48 (52.7)	7 (100)	40 (48.8)	0.009 (6.8)
Immunoglobulin’s profile
IgM, positive	5 (19.2)	2 (25)	3 (16.7)	0.12 (2.6)
IgG, positive	13 (50)	3 (37.5)	10 (55.6)	0.35 (0.86)
IgA, positive	8 (30.7)	3 (37.5)	5 (27.7)	0.054 (3.7)