An Association between Emotional Responsiveness and Smoking Behavior

Table 1

Study populations.

Characteristic	n (cross-sectional dataset)	Mean; (95% CI; range) or frequencies	n (prospective dataset)	Mean; (95% CI; range) or frequencies
Demographic
Age (years)	127	51.3 (49.5–53.2; 26–77)	107	50.9 (48.4–53.5; 18–66)
Gender	127	52.0% female	107	71.0% female
Race-ethnicity	127	40.2% NH White; 26.8% NH Black; 33.1% Hispanic	107	21.5% NH White; 32.7% NH Black; 35.5% Hispanic; 2.8% NH Native American; 7.5% NH other
Educational attainment; (years)		NA	100	24.0% < high school; 76.0% high school or greater
Income (US dollars)	115	$10,309; (7598.5–12,919.2; $0–$40,086)		NA
Insurance	127	51.2% no insurance; 48.8% public (Medicaid or Medicare) or private		NA
Smoking status	127	40.9% current; 9.5% former; 49.6% never	107	34.6% current; 65.4% former/never
Psychosocial
Collaborative patient-clinician; relationship	125	15.6 or “moderately good” (15.2, 16.0; 4–18)		NA
Self-efficacy	123	3.2 or “good” (3.0, 3.4; 1–4)		NA
Social
Health interference	122	2.8 or “moderate interference” (2.5, 3.0; 1–5)		NA
No. of household members	127	1.5 (1.4, 1.7; 1–6)		NA
Comorbid
Probable depressive disorder; (PHQ-2 ≥ 3: or PHQ-9; depressive symptoms score^†)	127	31.7%	107	16.0^† (15.2, 16.8; 10–23)
Generalized anxiety disorder		NA	107	24.2%
No. of physical comorbidities; (0–10)	107	NA		2.6 (2.2–2.9; 0–7)
Functional
Bodily pain	124	6.8 or “moderate” (6.3, 7.4; 2–13)		NA
Body mass index	126	0.8% underweight; 12.7% normal; 23.0% overweight; 63.5% obese	107	0% underweight; 18.7% normal; 26.2% overweight; 55.1% obese
Medical care
No. of primary care; visits/previous year	126	4.9 (4.4, 5.5; 0–16)		NA
Current narcotic use	126	35.7%		NA
Factor of interest
Emotional response to neutral; facial expression(s)^§	127	36.2%	107	70.1%^§

^§Any emotional response to one of two neutral Ekman monographs; NH: non-Hispanic; ^†PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depressive symptoms score (range 0–27).