A Prototypical First-Generation Electronic Cigarette Does Not Reduce Reports of Tobacco Urges or Withdrawal Symptoms among Cigarette Smokers
Table 1
Least-square mean changes in subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects by session and condition.
Variable
Baseline versus 24-Dep.
Conventional cigarette
Electronic cigarette nicotine concentrations
0 mg/ml
8 mg/ml
16 mg/ml
Rapid Information Processing Task
Digit rate
4.59
5.72
−2.90
2.69
5.68
Reaction time on correct trials
−6.94
0.13
20.13
−11.00
−6.88
Proportion correct
0.04
0.05
0.02
0.00
0.04
Commission errors
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Digit Symbol Substitution Task
Total trials completed
−1.34
4.13
−1.25
4.50
2.38
Percentage trials correct
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.01
Visual Analog Scale-Smoking Effects
Confused
−0.09
2.38
0.88
0.25
1.88
Dizzy
0.41
11.13
−1.88
0.75
1.13
Headache
4.63
−2.75
−3.25
−1.50
−1.25
Heart pounding
0.22
1.45
0.38
0.00
1.01
Lightheaded
0.03
18.88
0.75
2.75
0.25
Nausea
−0.47
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
Nervous
1.09
1.75
0.25
−1.63
−2.50
Salivation
−0.03
4.50
−1.25
1.00
5.50
Sweaty
0.03
0.00
−0.13
0.00
0.00
Weak
1.78
−2.38
−1.50
−1.00
0.00
Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale
Angry, irritable, or frustrated
0.72
−0.63
0.00
−0.25
−0.63
Anxious or nervous
0.13
0.00
0.00
−0.13
0.00
Depressed mood or sad
0.19
−0.13
0.00
−0.13
−0.13
Desire or craving to smoke
1.09
−2.25
−0.75
−0.63
−0.88
Difficulty concentrating
0.50
−0.38
−0.38
−0.38
−0.13
Increased appetite, hungry, or weight gain
0.28
−0.50
−0.25
0.00
−0.13
Restless
0.41
−0.50
0.00
0.00
−0.25
Impatient
0.69
−0.88
−0.13
−0.25
−0.25
Constipated
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Dizziness
0.00
0.38
0.00
0.13
0.13
Coughing
−0.03
0.38
0.00
0.25
0.50
Nauseous
−0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sore throat
0.00
0.25
0.13
0.25
0.38
Total score
4.00
−4.25
−1.38
−1.13
−1.38
Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief
I have a desire for a cigarette right now
22.78
−51.25
−6.50
−8.63
−10.00
Nothing would be better than smoking a cigarette right now
19.09
−31.38
−12.25
−4.50
−14.13
If it were possible I would probably smoke now
25.31
−64.00
−13.50
−15.13
−13.38
I could control things better right now if I could smoke
9.38
−19.38
−6.63
−13.38
−0.50
All I want right now is a cigarette
19.63
−33.86
−6.25
−14.88
−10.25
I have an urge for a cigarette
25.88
−52.25
−7.75
−14.38
−15.50
A cigarette would taste good now
20.38
−44.00
−8.63
−14.88
−12.38
I would do almost anything for a cigarette now
14.94
−27.13
−1.13
−8.63
−6.38
Smoking would make me less depressed
8.84
−5.75
0.75
−2.00
−2.50
I am going to smoke as soon as possible
24.84
−47.50
−6.00
−17.50
−14.8
Heart rate and blood pressure
Heart rate
−8.59
16.38
3.50
4.50
0.63
Mean arterial pressure
−3.61
6.04
1.71
2.04
0.96
All values are least-square means estimates from mixed models. Baseline versus 24-Dep = mean change between presmoking during baseline sessions and prior to OB or EC use during deprivation sessions. Own brand and electronic cigarette nicotine concentrations columns represent mean changes between pre- and postuse of OB or EC during deprivation sessions. , , and .
