Substance Use, Criminal Recidivism, and Mortality in Criminal Justice Clients: A Comparison between Men and Women

Table 2

Characteristics according to mortality status.

	Women			Men
	Deceased, %	Survived, %	value	Deceased, %	Survived, %	value
	16	788		252	5979
Mean age	39.75 years	36.14 years	0.201	34.90 years	32.20 years	<0.001
Urban residence, large city	31.3 (5)	39.6 (312)	0.610	44.8 (113)	45.6 (2725)	0.819
Country of birth, Nordic country	93.8 (15)	89.6 (706)	1.000	86.5 (218)	78.2 (4677)	0.002
Homelessness, last 30 days	6.3 (1)	19.3 (152)	0.331	19.4 (49)	16.8 (1003)	0.268
Client has children	75.0 (12)	64.6 (509)	0.443	50.8 (128)	45.0 (2692)	0.071
Chronic physical disease	62.5 (10)	57.0 (449)	0.659	52.8 (133)	44.5 (2659)	0.009
Client has worked for the last 3 yrs	31.3 (5)	36.2 (285)	0.685	28.2 (71)	39.4 (2354)	<0.001
Client has partner with substance abuse	37.5 (6)	33.9 (267)	0.762	10.3 (26)	9.9 (594)	0.842
Lifetime history of substance abuse (>1 yr)
Binge drinking	62.5 (10)	39.7 (313)	0.066	47.2 (119)	41.0 (2453)	0.050
Heroin	37.5 (6)	18.9 (149)	0.062	33.3 (84)	16.9 (1008)	<0.001
Methadone	12.5 (2)	4.6 (36)	0.127	4.4 (11)	2.8 (168)	0.148
Other opioids	18.8 (3)	14.1 (111)	0.486	18.7 (47)	12.5 (749)	0.004
Sedatives	43.8 (7)	26.4 (208)	0.121	40.9 (103)	28.5 (1704)	<0.001
Cocaine	12.5 (2)	5.3 (42)	0.217	11.1 (28)	13.8 (826)	0.221
Amphetamine	56.3 (9)	54.4 (429)	0.886	58.7 (148)	50.3 (3006)	0.009
Cannabis	43.8 (7)	38.1 (300)	0.643	62.3 (157)	53.2 (3180)	0.004
Injection drug use	56.3 (9)	48.2 (380)	0.525	59.5 (150)	39.6 (2366)	<0.001
Mean number of substances used, last 30 days	1.4	1.3	0.769	1.7	1.4	<0.001
Main crime in index verdict
Violent crime	6.3 (1)	10.2 (80)	1.000	15.5 (39)	13.4 (799)	0.336
Property crime	6.3 (1)	15.6 (123)	0.489	23.4 (59)	21.9 (1308)	0.564
Drug crime	31.3 (5)	24.6 (194)	0.543	21.0 (53)	23.0 (1376)	0.463
Financial crime	0.0 (0)	6.2 (49)	0.616	2.4 (6)	3.9 (232)	0.224
Lifetime history of psychiatric problems
Hospitalization	25.0 (4)	21.7 (171)	0.761	18.3 (46)	13.8 (825)	0.046
Suicide attempt	43.8 (7)	35.0 (276)	0.469	25.4 (64)	18.7 (1121)	0.008
Depression	68.8 (11)	62.6 (493)	0.612	47.2 (119)	49.4 (2954)	0.497
Anxiety	68.8 (11)	66.6 (525)	0.858	54.8 (138)	51.2 (3060)	0.265
Cognitive problems	62.5 (10)	52.7 (415)	0.435	54.0 (136)	51.6 (3083)	0.454
Hallucinations	12.5 (2)	13.2 (104)	1.000	11.9 (30)	12.8 (763)	0.689
Difficulty controlling violent behaviour	37.5 (6)	32.1 (253)	0.648	38.1 (96)	42.0 (2509)	0.223