Substance Use, Criminal Recidivism, and Mortality in Criminal Justice Clients: A Comparison between Men and Women

Table 4

Characteristics of clients with and without return to the criminal justice system during follow-up.

	Women			Men
	Clients relapsing,; %	Clients not relapsing,; %	value	Clients relapsing,; %	Clients not relapsing,; %	value
	254	153		2599	1075
Mean age	36.15 years	37.27 years	0.258	33.03 years	33.28 years	0.256
Urban residence, large city	45.7 (116)	39.2 (60)	0.203	43.7 (1136)	49.6 (533)	0.001
Country of birth, Nordic country	96.1 (244)	92.2 (141)	0.091	84.6 (2198)	78.8 (847)	<0.001
Homelessness, last 30 days	34.3 (87)	23.5 (36)	0.023	25.2 (654)	14.5 (15)	<0.001
Client has children	65.7 (167)	68.6 (105)	0.550	50.8 (1320)	45.2 (486)	0.002
Chronic physical disease	65.0 (165)	52.9 (81)	0.016	47.9 (1244)	44.6 (479)	0.068
Client has worked for the last 3yrs	24.4 (62)	32.7 (50)	0.070	30.8 (801)	47.1 (506)	<0.001
Client has partner with substance abuse	53.9 (137)	38.6 (59)	0.003	13.3 (345)	9.8 (105)	0.003
Lifetime history of substance abuse (>1 yr)
Binge drinking	47.6 (121)	49.0 (75)	0.787	45.4 (1181)	45.6 (490)	0.938
Heroin	29.5 (75)	17.6 (27)	0.007	23.9 (621)	16.0 (172)	<0.001
Methadone	9.4 (24)	2.0 (3)	0.003	3.6 (93)	2.9 (31)	0.289
Other opioids	15.4 (39)	13.7 (21)	0.653	15.3 (397)	13.9 (149)	0.273
Sedatives	37.8 (96)	32.0 (49)	0.239	37.2 (967)	31.7 (341)	0.002
Cocaine	7.9 (20)	5.2 (8)	0.307	16.6 (431)	19.1 (205)	0.070
Amphetamine	81.5 (207)	62.1 (95)	<0.001	67.6 (1757)	50.8 (546)	<0.001
Cannabis	53.5% (136)	42.5% (65)	0.031	64.3% (1672)	61.7 (663)	0.128
Injection drug use	79.1% (201)	56.9% (87)	<0.001	57.9% (1505)	35.2% (378)	<0.001
Mean number of substances used, last 30 days	2.0	1.5	<0.001	1.9	1,6	<0.001
Main crime in index verdict
Violent crime	7.1 (18)	20.9 (32)	<0.001	14.4 (373)	20.8 (224)	<0.001
Property crime	32.7 (83)	15.0 (23)	<0.001	34.3 (891)	20.8 (224)	<0.001
Drug crime	37.4 (95)	43.1 (66)	0.252	27.7 (719)	38.4 (413)	<0.001
Financial crime	5.1 (13)	3.9 (6)	0.579	5.1 (132)	3.3 (35)	0.016
Lifetime history of psychiatric problems
Hospitalization	23.2 (59)	15.0 (23)	0.046	16.6 (432)	12.7 (137)	0.003
Suicide attempt	32.7 (50)	39.4 (100)	0.175	22.5 (585)	19.3 (208)	0.034
Depression	59.5 (91)	60.2 (153)	0.880	50.6 (1315)	51.0 (548)	0.834
Anxiety	64.6 (164)	65.4 (100)	0.871	54.4 (1413)	53.0 (570)	0.457
Cognitive problems	53.9 (137)	56.2 (86)	0.656	57.7 (1500)	53.1 (571)	0.011
Hallucinations	16.1 (41)	16.3 (25)	0.958	14.2 (369)	12.0 (129)	0.077
Difficulty controlling violent behaviour	38.2 (97)	34.0 (52)	0.394	47.9 (1245)	39.2 (421)	<0.001