A New Direct Method for Solving Nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm-Hammerstein Integral Equations via Optimal Control Problem

Table 2

Observed results for Example 4.2.

Methods	𝑁	CPU time/iteration	Errors in boundaries
Chebyshev collocation method	8	0.74 sec.	3.7E−02
	12	1.43 sec.	1.9E−04
	16	1.89 sec.	2.0E−06
	20	2.01 sec.	7.7E−07
	24	2.11 sec.	3.1E−09
Optimal control method	8	0.03 sec.	1.1E−05
	12	0.28 sec.	7.6E−07
	16	0.86 sec.	5.0E−09
	20	1.01 sec.	3.2E−11
	24	1.19 sec.	4.1E−13